tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-52184895058153208752024-03-12T19:28:28.059-07:00College CraniumBlog with university reviews, student affairs and campus life info, freshmen swag advice, and more!Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.comBlogger144125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-68803921136622641712016-03-17T16:00:00.003-07:002016-03-17T16:00:51.067-07:00Marketing Globalization and Manufacturing Outside of the USA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A. For this assignment, you will need to list everything you were wearing on the first day of class (or, if you were not in class, the day you read this assignment). Next to each item, indicate the country the item was manufactured. Include all items, such as sunglass and jewelry. For items for which the country is not specified (like jewelry), determine where it was manufactured by doing a little research.</div>
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<span class="s1">B. Once you have listed the items and their country of origin, indicate the percentage of items manufactured in the </span><span class="s2">U.S.</span><span class="s1"> Also, list the top three countries of origin.</span></div>
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<span class="s1">C. Lastly, write a short paragraph (3-4 sentences) about your observations.</span></div>
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<br /><span class="s1"></span></div>
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<span class="s1">A. the items and their country of origin:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="s1">1. Shoes -Nike- Indonesia</span><span class="s1"> 2. Socks -Nike- China</span><span class="s1"> 3. Jeans - Levi Strauss - USA</span><span class="s1"> 4. Belt-</span><span class="s1"> 5. Boxers - Jockey-</span><span class="s1"> 6. Undershirt - Jockey-</span><span class="s1"> 7. Shirt - Perlis - Bangladesh</span><span class="s1"> 8. Phone- Apple- China</span><span class="s1"> 9. Cologne- </span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
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<span class="s1">B. Once you have listed the items and their country of origin--</span></div>
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<span class="s1">indicate the percentage of items manufactured in the </span><span class="s2">U.S</span><span class="s1">: 1/9</span></div>
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<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="s1">1. top three countries of origin.</span><span class="s1">2. top three countries of origin.</span><span class="s1">3. top three countries of origin.</span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1">C. Lastly, write a short paragraph (3-4 sentences) about your observations.</span></div>
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<span class="s1"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="s1">The United States was once the manufacturing giant of the world but almost all of my daily apparel is made outside the United States, despite having domestic headquarters.</span></div>
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<span class="s1"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="s1">I think the United States should make sure to protect its intellectual property from foreign knock off brands if we are going to compete globally.</span></div>
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<span class="s1"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="s1">The manufacturing conditions of China allow companies to create a lot of products for a cheaper price, which encourages businesses to manufacture products in China.</span></div>
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<span class="s1">Most customers care more about the price of a product than where their product was manufactured, including myself.</span></div>
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Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-39561570847808931472016-03-17T15:43:00.000-07:002016-03-17T15:43:58.593-07:00Assignment 6: ASSOCIATIVE AND PREDICTIVE ANALYSES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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1. Determine if there is a relationship between whether or not the respondent watches local TV news and whether or not a respondent subscribes to <i>City Magazine</i>. If there is a relationship, how do you interpret it?</div>
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<span class="s1"></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<br />
<span class="s1">There is a significant relationship between whether or not the respondent watches local TV news and whether or not a respondent subscribes to <i>City Magazine. </i>All of the respondents who are subscribed to <i>City Magazine </i>(100%) watch the local TV news (100%). Of those who do not have a subscription to <i>City Magazine </i>79.9% watch local news and 20.1% do not watch local TV news.</span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1">2. Determine if there is a relationship between the gender of the respondent and whether or not they subscribe to <i>City Magazine</i>. If there is a relationship, how do you interpret it?</span></div>
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<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="s1">There is no significant relationship between the gender of the respondent and whether or not they subscribe to <i>City Magazine</i> because the number is greater than .05.</span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">3. Determine if there is a relationship between gender of the respondent and whether or not the respondent listens to the radio, watches local TV news, and reads the newspaper. How do you interpret the three tests?</span></div>
<div class="p4">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="s1">There is no significant relationship between gender of the respondent and whether or not the respondent listens to the radio because the number is greater than .05.</span><span class="s1">There is no significant relationship between gender of the respondent and whether or not the respondent watches local TV news because the number is greater than .05.</span><span class="s1">There is no significant relationship between gender of the respondent and whether or not the respondent and reads the newspaper because the number is greater than .05.</span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
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<span class="s1">4. Is there a relationship among residents’ preferences for waterfront view, location, a formal wait staff, unusual desserts, a large variety of entrees, unusual entrees, simple décor, elegant décor, a string quartet, and a jazz combo? If there are any relationships, how do you interpret them?</span></div>
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<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>There is a moderate negative relationship among those who:</b></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
Prefer drive less than 30 minutes and prefer waterfront view (-.805)<br />
Prefer formal wait staff wearing tuxedos and prefer waterfront view (-7.88)<br />
Prefer large variety of entrees and prefer waterfront view (-.795)<br />
Prefer unusual entrees and prefer waterfront view (-.782)<br />
Prefer elegant décor and prefer waterfront view (-.792)<br />
Prefer string quartet and prefer waterfront view (-.792)<br />
Prefer jazz combo and prefer string quartet (-.620)<br />
Prefer simple décor and prefer driving less than 30 minutes (-.793)</blockquote>
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<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>There is a moderate positive relationship among those who:</b></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Prefer formal wait staff wearing tuxedos and prefer drive less than 30 minutes (.799)<br />
Prefer unusual desserts and prefer drive less than 30 minutes (.768)<br />
Prefer large variety of entrees and drive less than 30 minutes (.806)<br />
Prefer unusual entrees and drive less than 30 minutes (.765)<br />
Prefer simple décor and prefer waterfront view (.780)<br />
Prefer jazz combo and prefer waterfront view (.645)<br />
Prefer string quartet and prefer drive less than 30 minutes (.788)<br />
Prefer large variety of entrees and prefer string quartet (.747)</blockquote>
<ul class="ul1">
</ul>
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<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
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<span class="s1"><b>There is a strong positive relationship among those who:</b></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Prefer unusual desserts and prefer formal wait staff wearing tuxedos (.891)<br />
Prefer large variety of entrees and prefer formal wait staff wearing tuxedos (.845)<br />
Prefer unusual entrees and prefer formal wait staff wearing tuxedos (.878)<br />
Prefer elegant décor and prefer formal wait staff wearing tuxedos (.909)<br />
Prefer string quartet and prefer formal wait staff wearing tuxedos (.816)<br />
Prefer elegant décor and prefer drive less than 30 minutes (.819)<br />
Prefer unusual desserts and prefer large variety of entrees (.823)<br />
Prefer unusual entrees and Prefer unusual desserts (.868)<br />
Prefer elegant décor and Prefer unusual desserts (.874)<br />
Prefer string quartet and Prefer unusual desserts (.841)<br />
Prefer unusual entrees and prefer large variety of entrees (.831)<br />
Prefer elegant décor and prefer large variety of entrees (.830)<br />
Prefer unusual entrees and prefer elegant décor (.869)<br />
Prefer string quartet and prefer unusual entrees (.832)<br />
Prefer string quartet and prefer elegant décor (.843)</blockquote>
<ul class="ul1">
</ul>
<div class="p4">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>There is a strong negative relationship among those who:</b></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Prefer simple décor and prefer formal wait staff wearing tuxedos (-.876)<br />
Prefer simple décor and prefer unusual desserts (-.891)<br />
Prefer simple décor and prefer large varieties of entrees (-.815)<br />
Prefer simple décor and prefer unusual entrees (-.889)<br />
Prefer simple décor and prefer elegant décor (-.884)<br />
Prefer simple décor and prefer string quartet (-.843)</blockquote>
<ul class="ul1">
</ul>
<div class="p4">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>There is a weak negative relationship among those who:</b></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Prefer drive less than 30 minutes and prefer jazz combo (-.532)<br />
Prefer formal wait staff wearing tuxedos and prefer jazz combo (-.554)<br />
Prefer unusual desserts and prefer jazz combo (-.567)<br />
Prefer large variety of entrees and prefer jazz combo (-.497)<br />
Prefer unusual entrees and prefer jazz combo (-.545)<br />
Prefer simple décor and prefer jazz combo (-.573)<br />
Prefer elegant décor and prefer jazz combo (-.549)</blockquote>
<ul class="ul1">
</ul>
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<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
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<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">5. Can you predict the how much residents would expect to pay for an average evening meal entrée based on the amount of money the person normally spends per month in restaurants? If so, what is the 95% confidence level for how much residents would expect to pay for an average evening meal entrée if they normally spend $100 per month in restaurants?</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<br />
<span class="s1">The model fits because the number is significant which means you <i>can</i> predict how much residents would expect to pay for an average evening meal entrée based on the amount of money the person normally spends per month in restaurants.</span><span class="s1">With a 95% confidence level 77.1% of the variance in how much residents would expect to pay for an average evening meal entrée is explained by the amount of money the person normally spends per month in restaurants.</span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"></span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>Y=a+bx. No a. Y=bx. Y=.110(100). Y=11.</b></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b>11 +_ 1.96(4.71).</b></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b>11+1.96(4.71) = 20.2316. upper=$20.23</b></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b>11- 1.96(4.71) = 1.7684. lower=$1.78</b></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="s1">With a 95% confidence level residents would expect to pay between $1.78 and $20.23 for an average evening meal entrée if they normally spend $100 per month in restaurants.</span></blockquote>
<div class="p4">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">6. Can you predict the how much residents would expect to pay for an average evening meal entrée based on how likely the person is to want to patronize the new, upscale restaurant? If so, what is the 95% confidence level for how much residents would expect to pay for an average evening meal entrée if they were <i>very unlikely</i> to want to patronize the new restaurant? What is the 95% confidence level for how much residents would expect to pay for an average evening meal entrée if they were <i>very likely</i> to want to patronize the new restaurant?</span></div>
<div class="p6">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="s1">The model fits because the number is significant which means you <i>can</i> predict how much resident would expect to pay for an average evening meal entrée based on how likely the person is to want to patronize the new, upscale restaurant.</span><span class="s1">With a 95% confidence level 70.2% of the variance for how much residents would expect to pay for an average evening meal entrée is explained by if they were <i>very unlikely</i> to want to patronize the new restaurant.</span><span class="s1">With a 95% confidence level 70.2% of the variance for how much residents would expect to pay for an average evening meal entrée is explained by if they were <i>very likely</i> to want to patronize the new restaurant.</span></blockquote>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>Y=a+bx.</b></span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>Y=-7.641+7.966(1). Y=0.325. 0.325 +_ 1.96 ($5.37).</b></span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>0.325 +1.96 ($5.37)=10.8502.</b></span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>0.325-1.96 ($5.37)=-10.2002.</b></span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>($10.20, $10.85)</b></span></div>
<div class="p4">
<b><span class="s1"></span><br /></b></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>Y=-7.641+7.966(5). Y=32.189. 32.189. +_ 1.96 ($5.37).</b></span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>32.189+ 1.96 ($5.37)=42.7142.</b></span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>32.189-1.96 ($5.37)=21.6638.</b></span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"><b>($21.66, $42.71)</b></span></div>
<div class="p4">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="s1">With a 95% confidence level residents would expect to pay between $10.20 and $10.85 for an average evening meal entrée if they were <i>very unlikely</i> to want to patronize the new restaurant.</span><span class="s1">With a 95% confidence level residents would expect to pay between $21.66 and $42.71 for an average evening meal entrée if they were <i>very likely</i> to want to patronize the new restaurant.</span></blockquote>
</div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-53311783934944360942016-03-17T06:54:00.000-07:002016-03-17T15:53:59.530-07:00STEEP Marketing Analysis - Social and Technological Tobacco Profitting<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Social</b></h4>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Low socioeconomic status and differential health outcomes due to smoking. </span>In the world's Tobacco Industry, their steady external environment allows the top companies such as British American Tobacco to pursue similar strategies and revenues remain steady for the top companies. Advertising and promotion is a vital part of the tobacco industry's business effort, ethical dilemmas not so much. The companies know that smoking satisfies an important psycho-social needs. Controls on smoking in public and work places also undermine tobacco's social acceptability which causes consumption to decrease among the “new smokers” and “old smokers.” </div>
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Maintaining the social acceptability of smoking in Europe which is threatened by anti-smoking strategies designed to polarize smokers and non-smokers has not caused the social stigma that it has in the USA. The companies fight to “protect and support smokers in a reasonable, responsible and consistent way” (WHO). How soon will it be before the government starts to interfere in other health areas of our lives with other “bad” foods like McDonalds or caffeine. The social environment has been found to be harsher also due to, what the industry refers to as “extremists” and referred to by others as the World Health Organization.</div>
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<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Despite social stigmatisms in USA, the industry swells in developing countries and other asian nations such as Japan and China. Despite regulation to not market addictive and lethal products to children, a moral compass followed globally, society cannot tell its government which companies they are allowed to have private meetings with and this forms the social code that governments allow their people to live by, In the UK, Imperial Tobacco, British American Tobacco Philip Morris International and Japan Tobacco International met with the UK government this year resisting package standardization and has proven effective for the time being (ASA).</span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Social activists, identify as a Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI), and the WHO focuses on smoking and the health effects of smoking among young people and also offers hotlines for old users who wish to quit. The information provided by the WHO's website is cloaked in pseudo-objectivity with multiple logical fallacies most notability that correlating information among smokers and “risky” behavior does not demonstate a causation despite listing a number of risky activities. Other countries are much unlike the USA socially- which is no surprise- but in a major factor despite the US's global social reputation is that society has been influenced by the big-budgeted “Turth” campaigns which have reduced usage in key states. Prohibiting their access to tobacco could potentially cause serious social unrest, and would certainly feed a black market (Barros).</span></div>
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<span class="s1">Tobacco use as a risk factor for six of the eight leading causes of death in the world:</span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b></b></span><br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="s1"> </span><span class="s1"><i>Hatched areas indicate proportions of deaths related to tobacco use and are coloured according to the column of the respective </i></span><span class="s1"><i>cause of death.</i></span><span class="s1"><i>*Other tobacco-caused diseases: mouth and oropharyngeal cancers, oesophageal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, other cancers, cardiovascular diseases other than ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and digestive diseases.</i></span><span class="s1"><i>Source:World Health Organization (1)</i></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><b></b></span><br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="s1"><b>Technological</b></span></h4>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Due to advancement in technology making cigarettes is now fully automated by robotic-machines, from processing the tobacco to cutting cigarette paper and filters. Packaging is also automated, cigarettes are filled into respective brand packs, wrap in protective film and placed in cartons. This has been a rare instance of technology helping the industry.</span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Advancement in medical science like the 1988 report of the US Surgeon General identified cigarette smoking as nicotine addiction (WHO). The itnernet and television offer access to information and incentives to users to not start smoking, help for those who wish to quit, and access to unbiased and unfiltered information. For example, online the ASA defines five forces of misleading advertising which they hope to fight in 2013: Free Trials, Misleading pricing, Daily deals, Misleading testimonials, Misleading health claims. It is clear the tobacco industry continues to fall into at least two.</span></div>
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<span class="s1"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Electronic cigarettes also known as 'E-cigarettes' also are a technological break-through that are causing more quitters but decreasing profits only marginally as the top 4 companies continue to report positive annual sales records and forecasts. The selling of counterfeit products- by using technology- has caused a “unique” look and higher-priced and more technologically advanced product branding strategies. </span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>British American Tobacco has also developed and promoted new cultivation methods that to replenish soil by using organic substance for better fertility structure as well as having environmental benefit. It is a risk factor for six of the eight leading causes of death, including heart disease and several cancers and lung diseases (WHO, 209). Despite the companies having advanced manufacturing and packaging technologies the simplicity of just producing tobacco has underdeveloped countries such as Malawi and countries like Bulgaria relying on tobacco farming as a main export crop.</span></div>
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<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
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<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Evaluating the effectiveness of the marketing to the social and technological aspects of the tobacco industry defies conventional approaches to evaluation. There is no possibility of a control group, especially because the tobacco industry operates globally. Normal tools to monitor consumer marketing, such as usage and attitude surveys, or “marketing communication awareness monitors” are of any help (Blass, Kurup). Stakeholder marketing is too subtle and covert to be effective as demonstrated in the meetings of the four large companies and the UK's parliament. In addition, for an industry who “deals in selling death” their ethical grey area has shown time and time again to be maliciously focused on profits alone. </span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7JOIelpPVoU/Vus1OFnUGTI/AAAAAAAABoE/vxXNeQAarsAIE-LL5uNpm3_bWRtgIq6pw/s1600/talkingsmoking-2400px.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7JOIelpPVoU/Vus1OFnUGTI/AAAAAAAABoE/vxXNeQAarsAIE-LL5uNpm3_bWRtgIq6pw/s320/talkingsmoking-2400px.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span class="s1">Recently, on April 17, 2013 a Cancer Research UK Press Release revealed Japan Tobacco International (JTI) breached terms laid out in the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) with regards to claims of a growing black market and packaging of their products. Under embargo from the ASA, JTI made multiple misleading and highly publicized claims of profit loss and increased tobacco smuggling despite still reporting profits and research very blatantly demonstrating otherwise (WSJ Online ). </span></div>
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<span class="s1">The Wall Street Journal Online article “Japan Tobacco Expects Record Full-Year Profit” published April 25 of this year, the ability to convert the yen into various currencies has helped give one of the three largest companies in this industry in terms of sales volume a big boost which has been technologically difficult to do on a global scale until now.</span></div>
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Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-5756780304320005652016-02-01T02:00:00.000-08:002016-03-17T15:48:04.371-07:00Demand / Demand trends –Industry Trends<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="p1">
The product concept of "Omelette in a cup" shares many of the same attributes of other instant meals, such as Ramen Noodles. These instant noodles are expected to exceed 154 billion packs by the year 2017.</div>
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<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">With similar characteristics, Omelette in a cup will produce a profit because of environmental factors such as minimal cooking time, wide variety of taste and flavor profiles, and low cost of products. </span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Other factors such as the globalization of food, progressively busier lifestyles, lesser meal cooking time at home and an increasing number of working women also add to the favorability of our product in the market. (<a href="http://www.strategyr.com/">Global Industry Analysts, Inc., (GIA)</a>)</span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">The <b>top five countries</b> who consume the most eggs, including China, Japan, adds up to 2.9 million tones (</span><span class="s2">Euromonitor International)</span><span class="s1">. On an international level we would promote to these markets of consumers.</span></div>
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<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Omelette in a cup would also bode well with consumers if it promoted nutritional statistics. According to market research done by </span><span class="s3">Canadean Ltd</span><span class="s1"> convenience in preparation and portability remain especially important selling chips in the breakfast foods market.</span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-z-ifNOFi2Ws/Vus0HSgTONI/AAAAAAAABn4/GY47HkV4Gf8zKwskNo4vvwcnmRe9BZYzg/s1600/johnny-automatic-breakfast-of-bacon-and-eggs-800px.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-z-ifNOFi2Ws/Vus0HSgTONI/AAAAAAAABn4/GY47HkV4Gf8zKwskNo4vvwcnmRe9BZYzg/s320/johnny-automatic-breakfast-of-bacon-and-eggs-800px.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span>Additional Resources:</div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><a href="http://www.strategyr.com/Instant_Noodles_Market_Report.asp">http://www.strategyr.com/Instant_Noodles_Market_Report.asp</a></span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><a href="http://www.prweb.com/releases/instant_noodles/instant_ramen/prweb9359054.htm">http://www.prweb.com/releases/instant_noodles/instant_ramen/prweb9359054.htm</a></span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">http://www.marketresearch.com/Food-Beverage-c84/Food-c167/Breakfast-Foods-c480/</span></div>
<br />
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
</div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-79728443240724405962015-08-08T03:30:00.000-07:002016-03-17T16:03:49.641-07:00Marketing Interview Within the Greek System<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="s1"><b>Background</b>: </span></h3>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Researchers sometimes ask consumers to draw pictures of how they are feeling or how they perceive an object or brand. These consumer drawings can unlock feelings or perceptions that might not surface in traditional interviews.</span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="s1"><br /></span><span class="s1"><b>Problem</b>: </span></h3>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">University fraternities and sororities are experiencing declining enrollment. In the last three years, persons wishing to “rush” fraternal organizations has decreased an average of 10% per year.</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><br /></span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="s1"><b>Assignment</b>: </span></h4>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"> Identify a fellow student who is not enrolled in this class. Provide the student a clean, white, 8.5 x 11” sheet of paper and ask him/her to draw a picture of a fraternity (if a male) or sorority (if a female) member. You are not to provide them any additional instructions or comments and the person is free to draw any picture they like. The pictures may include color, writing, or anything the person feels is necessary to best describe a fraternity/sorority member. Once the picture is completed, ask the person to turn the paper over and complete the following sentences in their own words:</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<ol class="ol1">
<li class="li1"><span class="s1">Louisiana Tech Fraternities and Sororities are ______________________.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"> Places to party and meet people in the university and local area__ Nationally recognized__ Where popular and sociable gather__ </span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<ol class="ol1">
<li class="li1"><span class="s1">People who join fraternities and sororities at Louisiana Tech are ________.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Looking for friends and to fit it__ Have money__ Have family ties or friends__ </span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<ol class="ol1">
<li class="li1"><span class="s1">I believe fraternities and sororities should __________________________.<br />
<br />
Do more volunteer work/ give back to the community__ Avoid deaths/hazing__ ultimately be responsible___ Help in academics</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Be sure that you complete the assignment in the order given above (the picture MUST be first, followed by the sentence completion test).</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="s1"><b>Turn In For Individual Assignment Grade:</b></span></h3>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Write a short memo summarizing your respondent’s feelings and perceptions about fraternities and sororities on campus (*Must be typed). You may draw conclusions from their pictures, written comments, or any other body language or verbal comments made to you during your test. Turn in your summary memo and the test paper (picture with written comments on back).</span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">The respondent had a fairly knowledgeable understanding of the Greek system because he had once been a member of a fraternity and is an upperclassman.</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">The respondent emphasized fraternities and sororities need to be responsible and avoid hazing as much as possible, while critics need to understand the importance of each individual frats history and </span></div>
<br />
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">-- </span></div>
</div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-17808214244136912812015-03-11T11:39:00.002-07:002015-03-11T11:39:54.415-07:00How To Conduct An Interview<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Ask <b>each</b> of the following questions:</span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>1. Why are you interested in working as a Team Leader for Target?</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">I’ve worked as a member of various teams to accomplish various tasks. I always work hard to stand out from the group and naturally find myself in leadership roles, whether it’s a school project and I’m coordinating when our business group will meet, or whether it’s in the workplace helping others, not for personal gain, but so the members of the team realize, just that., that we are a team and we need to help one another out</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">this opportunity gives a great chance to use my experience and abilities and to develop a solid team</span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>2. What experience of you have that is related to this job?</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">In college managed a small coffee house. My grades in college reflect a long-term dedication I have to accomplishing a long-term goal I set. I learned to never settle for anything less than my best.</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Retail experience and customer service at Barnes and Noble</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Dealing with upset customers at panera bread, managing employee breaks, distributing job tasks, team building and motivating teams of up to 10, dispute resolving importance of empathizing and really listening to team members. importance of empathizing and really listening to team members.</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Experience as a GSA, learned to strategize for both short term and long term goals, and how to help the cashiers and how the cashiers can help other areas to create a flow.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Integrity, Knowledge, Courage, Decisiveness, Dependability, Initiative, Tact, Justice,Enthusiasm, Bearing, Endurance, Unselfishness, Loyalty, Judgement, Be technically and tactically proficient, know yourself and seek self-improvement, know your co-workers and foster their well being, keep your co-workers informed, set the example, make sure each task is understood, supervised, and accomplished, train your co-workers as a team, make sound and timely decisns</span></div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-13909287900189899502014-07-16T06:17:00.000-07:002014-07-16T06:17:15.560-07:00Outdoor Exercise Survey Questionnaire <br />This is a survey being done by your student government association. Please answer each question.<br /><br /> 1. Do you exercise regularly?<br /><br />____ Yes (1) ____ No (2) (If no, please skip to question #9)<br /><br /> 2. About how many hours do you exercise in an average week? _______<br /><br />3. About how many days per week do you typically exercise? _______<br /><br /> 4. On a typical Saturday, do you exercise mainly . . . (check only one).<br />___ In the morning (1)<br />___ In the afternoon (2)<br />___ In the evening (3)<br />___ Throughout the day (4)<br />___ Usually don't exercise (5)<br />
<br /><br /> 5. According to your preferences, please rate the following types of activities on a scale of 1 to 7; with 7 being "Like Very Much" and 1 being "Do Not Like At All."<br /> Do Not Like Like Very<br /> At All Much<br />a. Playing golf 1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />b. Walking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />c. Dancing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />d. Skating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />e. Swimming 1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />f. Playing basketball 1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />g. Playing tennis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />h. Playing volleyball 1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />k. Running / Jogging 1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br /><br /><br /> 6. Using the following scale, please indicate to what extent you typically exercise at the following locations.<br /> Not Quite<br />At All Occasionally Often Often Always<br />(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)<br />a. Intramural center ___ ___ ___ ___ ___<br />b. Home ___ ___ ___ ___ ___<br />c. Health club ___ ___ ___ ___ ___<br /><br /><br /><br />7. Select the one reason below which best describes why you exercise (check only one).<br />___ I enjoy it. It makes me feel good. (1)<br />___ I want to lose weight. (2)<br />___ I exercise with friends. (3)<br />___ I have to exercise. I don’t have a choice. (4)<br /><br />8. What is your classification?<br />___ Freshman (1)<br />___ Sophomore (2)<br />___ Junior (3)<br />___ Senior (4)<br />___ Other (5)<br /><br />9. For how many hours are you currently enrolled at the university? _______<br /><br />10. For approximately how many hours a week do you work?<br />___ Do not work (1)<br />___ Less than 10 (2)<br />___ 10-15 (3)<br />___ 16-25 (4)<br />___ 26-40 (5)<br />___ More than 40 (6)<br /><br />11. Do you belong to a social fraternity or sorority?<br />___ Yes (1)<br />___ No (2)<br /><br />12. What is your GPA? _____<br /><br />13. What is your gender?<br />___ Male (1)<br />___ Female (2)<br /><br />14. What is your age? _____<br /><br />15. Where do you live? (Check only one)<br />___ At home with parents (1)<br />___ In a rented apartment or house (2)<br />___ In a dorm (3)<br />___ In a fraternity/sorority house (4) <br />___ Somewhere else (5)<br /><br />Thanks for your help in the survey.<br /><br /> Marketing 482 - Final Take Home Exam Name:________________________<br /><br />Using the data set provided and the Exercise survey (exercise.sav), answer the following questions using SPSS. For each question, submit the following:<br />A statement identifying the statistical analysis technique used<br />A reason why you chose the particular analysis (Hint: reason for test and measurement)<br />An interpretation of the findings<br />Printouts of the SPSS output<br />For the purposes of this exam, use a 95% confidence interval for all statistical tests and computations. You may want to begin by familiarizing yourself with the questionnaire and by identifying the level of measurement (i.e., type of scale) used for each question. Keep in mind that the type of measurement will determine the type of analysis that is appropriate.<br /><br />What is the demographic profile of the sample? Include sex, age, student classification, enrollment status, job status, and type of residence.<br />Estimate the population parameters for the following:<br />How many hours per week do students exercise?<br />How many days per week do students exercise?<br />Among those students who exercise, what types of activities are preferred? <br />Test these hypotheses.<br />Seventy-five percent (75%) of students exercise regularly<br />Students will “like very much” to play golf, dance and skate.<br />Is there a difference between the various reasons students choose to exercise in:<br />How many hours he/she exercises in an average week?<br />How many days per week he/she exercises?<br />Is there a difference in the frequency of where students choose to exercise? (i.e., is there a difference between students choosing to exercise at the Intramural center compared to Home? Is there a difference between Home and a Health Club? Is there a difference between the Intramural center and a Health club?) <br />Is students’ reason for exercising related to:<br />Gender?<br />Greek Status?<br />Location of Residence?<br />
<br />
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<br />Is there a difference between males and females in the number of hours they exercise in an average week? Is there a difference between greeks and non-greeks in the number of days per week that they exercise?<br />Are students’ preferences for various activities related?<br />Can you predict how many hours per week a student exercises based on their preference for enjoying to run or jog? What is the confidence interval for students who “like very much” to run or jog?<br />Can you predict how many days per week students will exercise based on how many hours in an average week that they exercise? What is the confidence interval for students who exercise 3 hours per week?<br />Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-21118181324581647012014-05-14T07:42:00.000-07:002014-07-30T07:43:16.052-07:00Freud and Human Behavior<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
I believe Sigmund Freud most accurately identifies human behavior. Freud’s earlier medicinal studies show his intelligence because of the difficulty of such a subject. Even though the Victorian era and the anti-Semitism brought about by the world war influenced Freud, it was not to the point where it discredits all his findings. Freud theorized that everything thought, dream, slip of tongue, etc. is caused by behavior and thus sub-conscientiously done on purpose.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<h3>
Freud’s three divisions of consciousness: </h3>
conscience, preconscious, and unconscious are pretty accurate especially for his time. For Freud to be the first person to link the unconscious with everyday shows his enormous psychological talent.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The id, ego, and superego are also Freud’s concepts which I believe also most accurately explain human behavior as it relates to the brain and our thought processes. These are very good explanations as to why people act the way they do. The id is the instinctual part which acts simply on pleasure and immediate gratification. Primary process is the response that the id makes to the realities of life. It is why we don’t sit down and smoke a pack of cigarettes and eat a box of donuts every time we feel like it. The superego is the moral and ethical code which keeps us from acting like Heathens. The superego can be influenced by our parents or may other outside stimuli. The ego balances the id and super ego to allow for some pleasure but also with some responsibility. Sometimes I realize my id is not being balanced out when I try to convince myself something to do is okay, much like the classical devil and angel perched on conflicting minds shoulder.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Freud’s ideas about emotional energy and instinct as well as the true motivation behind every human’s actions are interesting, though not 100% accurate all the time. Eros is the human sex or “life instinct”. Thanatos is the aggressive or “death instinct.”Freud believes all human action is a result of these two instinctual behaviors. I do not fully believe agree with this theory because I think people tend to have ulterior motives besides sex, however, I agree with too many other basic ideas of Freud for these disagreements to adequately change my decision as to which theory I agree with.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Freud’s idea’s about happiness I also find relatable and thus accurate. Negative happiness is avoiding pain whereas positive happiness is seeking pleasure. It is much easier to be unhappy than happy and it is also easy to give up seeking happiness; however, without pain, pleasure wouldn’t be so special, and we wouldn’t know how good we had it. Freud’s ideas on civilization are also interesting especially as it pertains to guilt within a person.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
I agree with Freud’s thoughts about anxiety. Realistic anxiety is actually something to be worried about. Neurotic anxiety and moral anxiety play more into Freud’s model of the id, ego, and superego. Freud was big on the subconscious which is also something I find myself fascinated with. The importance of the subconscious, especially as it relates to dreams, has been adequately disproven however the subconscious remains very interesting to me today.</div>
<br />
<div class="p1">
Lastly, no paper would be done talking about Freud until his infamous reasoning that every human action is in some way related to sex. Though his most radical ideas about human sexuality have been disproven, the human sex drive is an unmistakable influence on behavior and personality. The Erogenous zone is where sexual pleasure comes from. This pleasure is what Freud believes is the basis for all human action, at any age. From the oral stage to the genital stage, Freud believed sexuality influenced mankind of all ages to the point of affecting personality and everyday behavior.</div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-16384218554888061732014-04-07T06:17:00.000-07:002014-07-16T06:19:36.986-07:00 Dissent of Circuit Judge Trott<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Checkpoint
Contents<br /> Federal Library<br /> Federal
Source Materials<br /> Federal Tax
Decisions<br /> American
Federal Tax Reports<br /> American
Federal Tax Reports (Prior Years)<br /> 1996<br /> AFTR
2d Vol. 78<br /> 78
AFTR 2d 96-6726 - 78 AFTR 2d 96-6587 (947 F Supp 459, 96-2 USTC P
50589)<br /> </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="https://checkpoint.riag.com/app/find?begParm=y&appVer=13.3&dbName=AFTRS90&linkType=docloc&locId=78aftr2d96-6690&ods=AFTRHIST&permaId=ic2404ebc1ac711dc8695c7f8ee2eaa77&permaType=doc&persId=6dad9228beec4f13a8330eec1c3b3de4&tagName=AFTRCAS&endParm%20"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">VIZCAINO
v. MICROSOFT CORP., 78 AFTR 2d 96-6690 (97 F.3d 1187, 96-2 USTC P
50533), Code Sec(s) 423, (CA9), 10/03/1996</span></span></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="RIGHT" style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36567z1"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">American
Federal Tax Reports </span></span></span>
</div>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">VIZCAINO
v. MICROSOFT CORP., Cite as 78 AFTR 2d 96-6690 (97 F.3d 1187, 96-2
USTC P 50533), 10/03/1996 , Code Sec(s) 423 </span></span>
</h3>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />Donna
VIZCAINO; Jon R. Waite; Mark Stout; Geoffrey Culbert; Lesley Stuart;
Thomas Morgan; Elizabeth Spokoiny; Larry Spokoiny, PLAINTIFFS-
APPELLANTS v. MICROSOFT CORPORATION, and its Pension and Welfare
Benefit Plans, et al., DEFENDANTS- APPELLEES.</span></span></span></div>
<h4 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Case
Information: </span></span>
</h4>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#c0c0c0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" style="width: 587px;">
<colgroup><col width="169"></col>
<col width="394"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td width="169"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36568z96x5454xPG6690"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36568z1"></a>
<b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Code
Sec(s):</span></span></span></b></td>
<td width="394"><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">423[pg.
96-6690] </span></span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="169"><b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Court
Name: </span></span></span></b>
</td>
<td width="394"><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">U.S.
Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, </span></span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="169"><b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Docket
No.: </span></span></span></b>
</td>
<td width="394"><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Docket
No. 94- 35770,</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="169"><b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Date
Decided: </span></span></span></b>
</td>
<td width="394"><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">10/03/1996.
</span></span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="169"><b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Prior
History: </span></span></span></b>
</td>
<td width="394"><br />
<br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="169"><b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tax
Year(s): </span></span></span></b>
</td>
<td width="394"><br />
<br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="169"><b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Disposition:
</span></span></span></b>
</td>
<td width="394"><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Decision
for Plaintiff. 97 F.3d 1187.</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="169"><b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cites:
</span></span></span></b>
</td>
<td width="394"><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">97
F3d 1187, 96-2 USTC P 50533.</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">HEADNOTE
</span></span>
</h3>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36569z1"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36569z2"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36569z3"></a>
<b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.
Employee plans—misclassification of freelancers—employee stock
purchase plans and savings plans--eligibility for benefits.</span></span></span></b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Software co.'s freelancers, which co. treated as independent
contractors until IRS reclassified them as common- law employees for
withholding and employment tax purposes, were entitled to benefits
under co.'s savings and employee stock purchase plans. Employee
savings plan was construed as extending participation to all
common-law employees, even those paid by accounts receivable. And
employee stock purchase plan, which incorporated </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://checkpoint.riag.com/app/find?begParm=y&app.version=13.3&dbName=TCODE&linkType=docloc&locId=423&permaId=ib706995219d711dcb1a9c7f8ee2eaa77&tagName=SEC&endParm=y"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Code
Sec. 423</span></span></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
's terms, expressly extended eligibility to all common-law employees;
and exclusion of such employees would result in loss of plan's </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://checkpoint.riag.com/app/find?begParm=y&app.version=13.3&dbName=TCODE&linkType=docloc&locId=423&permaId=ib706995219d711dcb1a9c7f8ee2eaa77&tagName=SEC&endParm=y"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Code
Sec. 423</span></span></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
qualified status. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36569z4"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36569z5"></a>
<i><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Reference(s):
</span></span></span></i><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://checkpoint.riag.com/app/find?begParm=y&app.version=13.3&dbName=ANNOS&linkType=docloc&locId=4235.02%285%29&permaId=i6a8d15d8345711dd9e10c7f8ee2eaa77&tagName=ANSBTOPIC&endParm=y">¶
4235.02(5) </a><a href="http://checkpoint.riag.com/app/find?begParm=y&app.version=13.3&dbName=TCODE&linkType=docloc&locId=423&permaId=ib706995219d711dcb1a9c7f8ee2eaa77&tagName=SEC&endParm=y">Code
Sec. 423</a></span></span></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span>
</div>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">OPINION
</span></span>
</h3>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z1"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Stephen
K. Strong and David F. Stobaugh, Bendich, Stobaugh & Strong,
Seattle, Wash., for the Plaintiffs-Appellants. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">James
D. Oswald and Timothy St. Clair Smith, Davies, Roberts & Reid,
Seattle, Wash., for the Defendants-Appellees. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Appeal
from the United States District Court for the Western District of
Washington</span></span></span></b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_*"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Before:
Stephen REINHARDT and Stephen S. TROTT, Circuit Judges, and William W
SCHWARZER, District Judge. </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_*"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">*</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span>
</div>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Opinion</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Judge:
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">REINHARDT,
Circuit Judge: </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Large
corporations have increasingly adopted the practice of hiring
temporary employees or independent contractors as a means of avoiding
payment of employee benefits, and thereby increasing their profits.
This practice has understandably led to a number of problems, legal
and otherwise. One of the legal issues that sometimes arises is
exemplified by this lawsuit. The named plaintiffs, who were
classified by Microsoft as independent contractors, seek to strip
that label of its protective covering and to obtain for themselves
certain benefits that the company provided to all of its regular or
permanent employees. After certifying the named plaintiffs as
representatives of a class of “common-law employees,” the
district court granted summary judgment to Microsoft on all counts.
The named plaintiffs and the class they represent now appeal as to
two of their claims: a) the claim, made pursuant to section 502(a) of
the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 29 U.S.C.
section 1132(a), that they are entitled to savings benefits under
Microsoft's Savings Plus Plan (SPP); and b) the claim, made pursuant
to Washington state law, that they are entitled to stock-option
benefits under Microsoft's Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). In
both cases, the claims are based on their contention that they are
common- law employees. </span></span></span>
</div>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6691"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Microsoft,
one of the country's fastest growing and most successful corporations
and the world's largest software company, produces and sells computer
software internationally. It employs a core staff of permanent
employees. It categorizes them as “regular employees” and offers
them a wide variety of benefits, including paid vacations, sick
leave, holidays, short-term disability, group health and life
insurance, </span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[pg.
96-6691] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">and
pensions, as well as the two benefits involved in this appeal.
Microsoft supplements its core staff of employees with a pool of
individuals to whom it refuses to pay fringe benefits. It previously
classified these individuals as “independent contractors” or
“freelancers,” but prior to the filing of the action began
classifying them as “temporary agency employees.” Freelancers
were hired when Microsoft needed to expand its workforce to meet the
demands of new product schedules. The company did not, of course,
provide them with any of the employee benefits regular employees
receive. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_1"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
named plaintiffs worked for Microsoft in the United States between
1987 and 1990 as freelancers in the company's international division.
</span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_1"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Some were still working for the company when the suit was filed in
1993, and may still be doing so today. Although hired to work on
specific projects, seven of the eight named plaintiffs had worked on
successive projects for a minimum of two years prior to the time the
action was filed, while the eighth had worked for more than a year.
During that time, they performed services as software testers,
production editors, proofreaders, formatters and indexers. Microsoft
fully integrated the plaintiffs into its workforce: they often worked
on teams along with regular employees, sharing the same supervisors,
performing identical functions, and working the same core hours.
Because Microsoft required that they work on site, they received
admittance card keys, office equipment and supplies from the company.
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Freelancers
and regular employees, however, were not without their obvious
distinctions. Freelancers wore badges of a different color, had
different electronic-mail addresses, and attended a less formal
orientation than that provided to regular employees. They were not
permitted to assign their work to others, invited to official company
functions, or paid overtime wages. In addition, they were not paid
through Microsoft's payroll department. Instead, they submitted
invoices for their services, documenting their hours and the projects
on which they worked, and were paid through the accounts receivable
department. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
plaintiffs were told when they were hired that, as freelancers, they
would not be eligible for benefits. None has contended that Microsoft
ever promised them any benefits individually. All eight named
plaintiffs signed “Microsoft Corporation Independent Contractor
Copyright Assignment and Non-Disclosure Agreements” (non-disclosure
agreements) as well as companion documents entitled “Independent
Contractor/Freelancer Information” (information documents) when
first hired by Microsoft or soon thereafter. The non- disclosure
agreement, a three-page document primarily concerned with
confidentiality, included a provision that states that the
undersigned “agrees to be responsible for all federal and state
taxes, withholding, social security, insurance and other benefits.”
The information document likewise states that “as an Independent
Contractor to Microsoft, you are self-employed and are responsible to
pay all your own insurance and benefits.” Eventually, the
plaintiffs learned of the various benefits being provided to regular
employees from speaking with them or reading various Microsoft
publications concerning employee benefits. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6692"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_2"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In
1989 and 1990, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) examined
Microsoft's employment records to determine whether the company was
in compliance with the tax laws. Applying common-law principles
defining the employer-employee relationship, it concluded that
Microsoft's freelancers were not independent contractors but
employees for withholding and employment tax purposes, and that
Microsoft would thereafter be required to pay withholding </span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[pg.
96-6692] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">taxes
and the employer's portion of Federal Insurance Contribution Act
(FICA) tax.</span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><b>
</b></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_2"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">2</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Microsoft agreed to pay overdue employer withholding taxes and issue
retroactive W-2 forms to allow the freelancers to recover Microsoft's
share of FICA taxes, which they had been required to pay. It
apparently also agreed to pay freelancers retroactively for any
overtime they may have worked. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In
response to the IRS rulings, Microsoft began “converting” its
freelancers. That is, it tendered offers to some freelancers to
become permanent employees; it gave other freelancers the option of
terminating their employment relationship with Microsoft completely
or continuing to work at the company but in the capacity of employees
of a new temporary employment agency, which would provide payroll
services, withhold federal taxes, and pay the employer's portion of
FICA taxes. Most of the plaintiffs who were not given the opportunity
to become permanent employees decided to become “temporary agency
employees” rather than to be fired. However, Donna Vizcaino refused
that option and was discharged. Those who elected “temporary
employee status” noticed little change in the terms or conditions
of their employment; they continued working the same hours on the
same projects and under the same supervisors. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">After
learning of the IRS rulings, the plaintiffs sought various employee
benefits, including those now at issue: the ESPP and SPP benefits.
The SPP, which became effective January 1, 1987, is a cash or
deferred salary arrangement under section 401k of the Internal
Revenue Code that permits Microsoft's employees to save and invest up
to fifteen percent of their income through tax-deferred payroll
deductions. Under the plan, Microsoft matches fifty percent of the
employee's contribution in any year, with a maximum matching
contribution of three percent of the employee's yearly compensation.
The ESPP, established in January, 1986, permits employees to purchase
company stock at eighty-five percent of the lower of the fair market
value on the first or on the last day of each six-month offering
period through payroll deductions of from two to ten percent.
Employees may purchase shares having a value not exceeding ten
percent of their gross compensation for the offering period. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Microsoft
rejected the plaintiffs' claims for benefits, maintaining that they
were independent contractors who were personally responsible for all
their own benefits. The plaintiffs sought review of the denial of
benefits from the Microsoft plan administrator, who determined that
the plaintiffs were ineligible because they contractually waived any
rights to benefits and, in any event, they were not ““regular,
full time employees” in approved headcount positions.” Although
ruling “technically” only on the denial of ERISA benefits, the
plan administrator concluded, for the same reasons, that the
plaintiffs were ineligible to receive non-ERISA benefits. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6693"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
named plaintiffs brought this action, challenging the denial of
benefits. Following cross-motions for summary judgment, the district
court referred the matter to Magistrate Judge David E. Wilson, who
recommended that an award be made in favor of the plaintiffs on both
their SPP and ESPP claims. First, he concluded that the SPP was
ambiguous with respect to whether it afforded coverage to the
plaintiffs and that because the ambiguity could not be conclusively
resolved by resort to extrinsic evidence, the doctrine of contra
proferentum was applicable. Accordingly, he determined that the plan
instruments should be construed in the plaintiffs' favor and
recommended that the district court find that the plan afforded them
coverage. Second, he concluded that by expressly adopting the
conditions of the Internal Revenue Code, which permit tax
qualification only to those plans that extend participation to all
common-law employees, Microsoft had extended an offer of
participation in the ESPP to all common-law em-</span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
[pg. 96-6693] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ployees,
and that the plaintiffs fell into that category. Further, he found
that although Microsoft had intended to exclude freelancers from
participation in the ESPP, it had made the plaintiffs an offer in
that plan and could not rely on their failure to accept it because it
had incorrectly told them that they were ineligible to participate.
Again, the magistrate judge recommended that the district court find
that the plaintiffs were eligible for benefits. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
magistrate judge also made recommendations on several motions
relating to benefits other than the SPP and ESPP. Specifically, he
recommended denying the plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment in
relation to vacation, sick leave, holidays, short-term disability,
group health and life insurance, and granting Microsoft's motion for
summary judgment on all claims governed by ERISA, except the SPP
claim, and on all claims governed by state law, except the ESPP
claim. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
district court adopted the magistrate judge's recommendations on all
issues other than the SPP and ESPP claims. It rejected his
recommendations as to those two claims and denied the plaintiffs'
motion for summary judgment as to them, while granting Microsoft's.
The district court first concluded that the SPP “clearly restricts
participation to those individuals on Microsoft's payroll,” that
even if Microsoft could waive the argument that only employees paid
through the payroll were eligible it had not done so, and that
because the intent of the parties was to deny the plaintiffs
participation, the terms of the plan were susceptible to only one
reasonable interpretation. Thus, it said, the doctrine of contra
proferentum was not applicable. Then, addressing the plaintiffs'
eligibility to participate in the ESPP, the district court concluded:
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">First,
the contract between Microsoft and the plaintiffs specifically stated
that no benefits were provided by Microsoft. Second, because the
terms of the plan were not communicated to the plaintiffs, they could
not have become part of the contract between them and Microsoft.
Thus, the plaintiffs had no expectation of receiving any benefits.
Finally, as Microsoft asserts, I.R.C. section 423 does not create a
private right of action by the plaintiffs against Microsoft.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
named plaintiffs and the class they represent appeal, but only with
respect to the SPP and ESPP claims. </span></span></span>
</div>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">II</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_3"></a>
<b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[1]
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ERISA
is a remedial statute designed to protect the interests of employees
in pension and welfare benefit plans. Scott v. Gulf Oil Corp., 754
F.2d 1499, 1501 (9th Cir. 1985). It creates a federal cause of action
for recovery of benefits due under the terms of pension and welfare
plans. 29 U.S.C. section 1132(a)(1)(B). </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_3"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">3</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Congress intended the courts to fashion a body of federal common law
to govern ERISA suits. Richardson v. Pension Plan of Bethlehem Steel,
67 F.3d 1462, 1465 (9th Cir. 1995); Scott, 754 F.2d at 1501- 02.
Courts, therefore, may borrow from state law where appropriate, but
must be guided by the policies expressed in ERISA and other federal
labor laws. Richardson, 67 F.3d at 1465; Scott, 754 F.2d at 1502. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6694"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_4"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
parties agree that the SPP is a welfare benefits plan governed by
ERISA. See 29 U.S.C. section 1002(1)(A). They disagree, however, on
the question whether the plaintiffs qualify for benefits under the
terms of the plan. The SPP provides that “[e]ach employee who is 18
years of age or older and who has been employed for six months shall
be eligible to participate in this Plan,” and defines “employee”
to mean “</span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>any
common law employee</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
who receives remuneration for personal services rendered to the
employer and </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>who
is on the United States payroll of the employer</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
.” (Emphasis added). Because the named plaintiffs were indisputably
over eighteen years of age and were employed for more than six
months, and because, as Microsoft concedes, they were generally
common-law employees who rendered per-</span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
[pg. 96-6694] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">sonal
services to Microsoft,</span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><b>
</b></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_4"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">4</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
the issue before us is only whether they were “on the United States
payroll of the employer.” Microsoft contends that the phrase, which
is not defined in the plan, refers to employees paid through its
payroll department, and that the named plaintiffs were ineligible to
participate in the SPP because they were paid through the accounts
receivable department. The plaintiffs assert that the phrase refers
to “Microsoft employees who are paid from United States sources,”
excluding “nonresident alien employees of foreign subsidiaries
whose pensions are generally governed by foreign law.” </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_5"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In
the usual case, we review a denial of benefits challenged under
section 1132(a)(1)(B) de novo “unless the benefit plan gives the
administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority to determine
eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan.”
Nelson v. EG & G Energy Measurements Group, Inc., 37 F.3d 1384,
1388 (9th Cir. 1994).</span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><b>
</b></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_5"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">5</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Where such discretion is afforded, the standard of review may vary
with the type or nature of the plan. Taft v. Equitable Life Assurance
Soc'y, 9 F.3d 1469, 1474 (9th Cir. 1993) (stating that we review
decisions of administrators who are also employers of plan
beneficiaries under ““a more </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>stringent</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
version of the abuse of discretion standard””) (citation
omitted). </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_6"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_7"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In
the case before us, the administrator is a Microsoft officer. We need
not, however, determine what standard would ordinarily be applicable
to review of a denial of benefits under the SPP. For, while the plan
gives the administrator discretion to construe its provisions, in
denying the plaintiffs' claims the administrator did not construe the
phrase “on the United States payroll of the employer,” the phrase
in the plan on which eligibility depends. Oddly, Microsoft did not
raise its “United States payroll” theory before the plan
administrator but argued it for the first time to the magistrate
judge in the course of its motion for summary judgment.</span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><b>
</b></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_6"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">6</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
The plaintiffs initially objected to consideration of the “United
States payroll” argument because it did not appear in the
administrative record, but then waived the objection and, like
Microsoft, urged the magistrate judge and the district judge to
address it. Both parties have consistently maintained that a remand
to the plan administrator would serve no useful purpose. See CR Vol.
12, Document 152, at 22-23; CR. Vol. 12, Document 169, at 12 n.11.
Because both parties urged the district court, and now this court, to
determine the meaning of the disputed provision, they have waived any
possible objection to the failure to remand. Accordingly, we are free
to decide Microsoft's latest argument in the normal course, as if the
plan administrator had no discretion to construe the plan. Cf.
Nelson, 37 F.3d at 1389 (holding that our review is de novo where the
plan administrator, although having discretion to construe the plan,
has not done so). </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_7"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">7</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6695"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">We
interpret the provisions of a plan by looking to its terms and to
other manifestations of intent. Nelson, 37 F.3d at 1389. We interpret
terms in ERISA plans ““in an ordinary and popular sense as would
a [person] of average intelligence and experience.”” Richardson,
67 F.3d at 1465 (quoting Evans v. Safeco Life Ins. Co., 916 F.2d
1437, 1441 (9th Cir. 1990)); Babikian v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co.,
63 F.3d 837, 840 (9th Cir. 1995); accord Meredith v. </span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[pg.
96-6695] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Allsteel
Incorp., 11 F.3d 1354, 1358 (7th Cir. 1993). ““We will not
artificially create ambiguity where none exists. If a reasonable
interpretation favors the insurer and any other interpretation would
be strained, no compulsion exists to torture or twist the language of
the policy.”” Babikian, 63 F.3d at 840 (quoting Evans, 916 F.2d
at 1441 (quoting Allstate Ins. Co. v. Ellison, 757 F.2d 1042, 1044
(9th Cir. 1985))). We find “[a] term is ambiguous if it is subject
to reasonable alternative interpretations.” Hickey v. A.E. Staley
Mfg., 995 F.2d 1385, 1389 (9th Cir. 1993) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted); see Babikian, 63 F.3d at 840. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">When
a plan is ambiguous on its face, we may, and typically do, consider
extrinsic evidence to interpret it. Richardson, 67 F.3d at 1466;
Hickey, 995 F.2d at 1389. If the ambiguity persists even after resort
to extrinsic evidence, we generally apply the rule of contra
proferentum and construe the ambiguity against the drafter. See
Barnes v. Independent Auto. Dealers of Cal., 64 F.3d 1389, 1393 (9th
Cir. 1995) (“We must construe ambiguities in an ERISA plan against
the drafter and in favor of the insured.”); Babikian, 63 F.3d at
840; Mongeluzo v. Baxter Travenol Long Term Disability Benefit Plan,
46 F.3d 938, 942 (9th Cir. 1995) (noting that Kunin v. Benefit Trust
Life Ins. Co., 910 F.2d 534, 539- 41 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 498
U.S. 1013 (1990), adopted the well-established doctrine of contra
proferentum as federal common law). </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_8"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Accordingly,
our first task is to determine whether the phrase “on the United
States payroll of the employer” is susceptible to more than one
reasonable interpretation. In doing so, we must examine the phrase in
light of any relevant circumstances that may shed light on its
meaning. Here, the phrase is used in connection with a company that
is engaged in a constantly expanding business venture of major
proportions on a world-wide basis. Because “payroll means ”a list
of persons to be paid, with the amount due each,“ or ”the total
number of people employed by a business firm or organization,“
Random House College Dictionary 976 (1980), the phrase ”on the
United States payroll of the employer,“ when accorded its ordinary
meaning, may plausibly refer to those persons who are on the list of,
or are among the total number of, persons employed by Microsoft and
paid from its United States accounts, as opposed to those paid by its
foreign subsidiaries or out of its foreign accounts. Thus, we believe
that the plan, consistent with the ordinary meaning of its terms,
reasonably can be read to extend eligibility to the plaintiffs. </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_8"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">8</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">While
an argument could well be made that the plaintiffs' is the only
plausible reading of the plan, we choose not to rely on that
assertion. Instead, we assume that Microsoft's interpretation is also
a reasonable one, and accept its contention that the phrase could
reasonably be construed to refer only to those employees paid through
the payroll department. Assuming, then, that the terms of the SPP are
susceptible to two reasonable interpretations and therefore are
ambiguous, our next step is to determine whether the ambiguity can be
resolved by resort to extrinsic evidence. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6696"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_9"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Microsoft
contends that the extrinsic evidence, including the non-disclosure
agreements and the information documents, demonstrates its intent not
to provide freelancers or independent contractors with employee
benefits and that this intent necessitates adoption of its
interpretation of the disputed phrase. We have no doubt that the
company did not intend to provide freelancers or independent
contractors with employee benefits, and that if the plaintiffs had in
fact been freelancers or independent contractors, they would not be
eligible under the plan. The plaintiffs, however, were not free
lancers or independent contractors. They were common-law employ-</span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
[pg. 96-6696] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ees,
</span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_9"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">9</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
and the question is what, if anything, Microsoft intended with
respect to persons who were actually common-law employees but were
not known to Microsoft to be such. The fact that Microsoft did not
intend to provide benefits to persons who it thought were freelancers
or independent contractors sheds little or no light on that question.
To the extent that we may glean any evidence of an intent as to the
more pertinent theoretical question, that evidence is highly
speculative and would be insufficient to resolve in Microsoft's favor
the ambiguity that it created when it chose to define eligibility in
terms of common-law employees “on the United States payroll of the
employer.” </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Microsoft
also contends that extrinsic evidence establishes its intent to
restrict eligibility to those common-law employees who were paid
through the payroll department. It argues that compliance with
relevant tax code provisions (I.R.C. sections 401(k) & (m))
required computation of compensation, deferral, and matching
contribution data, and that the necessary computations could
practically be made only through its automated payroll department. It
maintains that employees who were paid through the accounts
receivable department, as opposed to the payroll department, could
not be paid in a manner that would comply with IRS requirements and
that, accordingly, it is clear that those employees were not intended
to be covered in the plan. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Microsoft's
argument, drawing a distinction between common-law employees on the
basis of the manner in which they were paid, is subject to the same
vice as its more general argument. Microsoft regarded the plaintiffs
as independent contractors during the relevant period and learned of
their common-law-employee status only after the IRS examination. They
were paid through the accounts receivable department rather than the
payroll department because of Microsoft's mistaken view as to their
legal status. Accordingly, Microsoft cannot now contend that the fact
that they were paid through the accounts receivable department
demonstrates that the company intended to deny them the benefits
received by all common-law employees regardless of their actual
employment status. Indeed, Microsoft has pointed to no evidence
suggesting that it ever denied eligibility to any employees, whom it
</span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>understood</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
to be common-law employees, by paying them through the accounts
receivable department or otherwise. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In
any event, to interpret the SPP as distinguishing between common-law
employees who were paid through the payroll department and those who
were not would impute to Microsoft an unlawful purpose: to pay some
common-law employees without making the requisite payroll deductions
and contributions, the very tax violation that subsequently
engendered this litigation. We should not, if at all possible, favor
an interpretation that has such an unlawful effect, and we see no
reason to do so here. See Meredith v. Allsteel, Inc., 11 F.3d 1354,
1358 (7th Cir. 1993) (“[A]n interpretation which gives a
reasonable, lawful, and effective meaning to all the terms is
preferred to an interpretation which leaves a part unreasonable,
unlawful, or of no effect[.]”) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted). Thus, the extrinsic evidence on which Microsoft
relies does not resolve the ambiguity in its favor. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6697"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In
light of the rule of contra proferentum, the plaintiffs would prevail
whether the extrinsic evidence supported their interpretation of the
disputed phrase or whether the extrinsic evidence on which they rely
was also deemed immaterial. For purposes of our disposition, we may
assume the latter to be the case. With that assumption in mind, we
find, as did the magistrate judge, that “the correct meaning of the
terms in question, given the record and the agreed upon facts in this
case, cannot be determined by resort to the extrinsic evidence,”
and that, therefore, the rule of contra proferentum is applicable.
</span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[pg.
96-6697] </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Microsoft
contends that the rule of contra proferentum should not be applied in
this case because it has been applied generally in ERISA cases only
for the purpose of granting benefits under insurance contracts.
Microsoft is incorrect. It is true that the rule of contra
proferentum, which is strictly applied in the interpretation of
insurance contracts, is not automatically applied to </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>all</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
other contracts. Eley v. Boeing Co., 945 F.2d 276, 280 (9th Cir.
1991). We have declined to apply the rule to “ERISA plans that are
the product of collective bargaining agreements reached after
arms-length bargaining between parties of equal power.” Patterson
v. Hughes Aircraft Co., 11 F.3d 948, 950 n.3 (9th Cir. 1993); see
Eley, 945 F.2d at 280 (distinguishing Kunin because the plan was the
result of a collective bargaining agreement); see also Kunin, 910
F.2d at 540. This case does not involve such a plan, and we see no
reason to create a new exception to the rule we generally follow in
ERISA cases. See Barnes, 64 F.3d at 1393. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">We
have also held that when an administrator has exercised his
discretion to construe a plan pursuant to discretionary authority
vested in him by the plan, we will not apply the rule of contra
proferentum in our review of his discretionary ruling. Winters v.
Costco Wholesale Corporation, 49 F.3d 550, 554 (9th Cir. 1995).
Microsoft argues that this case falls within this exception. Clearly,
it would be inconsistent to review under an abuse of discretion
standard and then to apply the rule of contra proferentum. However,
as we explained earlier, the administrator did not construe the
disputed terms of the plan, and therefore our review is de novo. When
we review under a de novo standard, there is no similar
inconsistency, and thus no reason not to apply the rule of contra
proferentum. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Accordingly,
we agree with the magistrate judge, who concluded that Microsoft,
“[a]s the drafter of the plan, ...could easily have accomplished
the limitation it now urges through the use of more explicit
language....” We therefore construe the ambiguity in the plan
against Microsoft and hold that the plaintiffs are eligible to
participate under the terms of the SPP. We note that in doing so, we
construe the phrase “on the United States payroll of the employer”
in the manner we believe to be the most plausible anyway. Put more
directly, were we not to apply the rule of contra proferentum, but
simply to select the more reasonable of the competing
interpretations, we would read the disputed phrase as do the
plaintiffs. Thus, we would conclude in any event that the plan must
be construed as extending participation to all persons employed by
Microsoft and paid from its United State accounts, and not as
excluding from participation those employees who are paid through the
accounts receivable department rather than the payroll department. </span></span></span>
</div>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">III</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
parties agree that the plaintiffs' claims for stock-option benefits
under the ESPP are not subject to ERISA but rather are governed by
Washington state law. The plaintiffs contend that the ESPP, through
its incorporation of section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code,
extended eligibility to participate in the plan to all common- law
employees, including themselves, and that they were therefore
entitled to exercise the options. Microsoft contends that the
plaintiffs are not entitled to ESPP benefits because: (1) the
plaintiffs have no right to enforce section 423; (2) the plaintiffs
signed instruments stating that they would receive no benefits; and
(3) the ESPP was never communicated to the plaintiffs, and they
therefore did not rely on the offer in continuing their employment.
We address these contentions in turn. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6698"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">First,
we hold that the named plaintiffs and the class they represent are
covered by the specific provisions of the ESPP. We apply the
“objective manifestation theory of contracts,” which requires us
to “impute an intention corresponding to the reasonable meaning of
a person's words and acts.” Multicare Medical Ctr. v. D.S.H.S., 790
P.2d 124, 133 (Wash. 1990). Through its incorporation of the tax code
provision into the plan, Microsoft manifested an objective intent to
make all common-law em-</span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
[pg. 96-6698] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ployees,
and hence the plaintiffs, eligible for participation. The ESPP
specifically provides: </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">It
is the intention of the Company to have the Plan qualify as an
“employee stock purchase plan” under Section 423 of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1954. </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>The
provisions of the plan shall, accordingly, be construed so as to
extend and limit participation in a manner consistent with the
requirements of that section of the code</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_10"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_11"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Emphasis
added). The requirements of section 423 dictate that “options are
to be granted to all employees of any corporation whose employees are
granted any of such options by reason of their employment by such
corporation.” 26 U.S.C. section 423(b)(4). Because the term
“employees ” in section 423 is construed to refer to “common-law
employees,” </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_10"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">10</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
the ESPP, when construed in a manner consistent with the requirements
of section 423, extends participation to all common-law employees not
covered by one of the express exceptions set forth in the plan. </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_11"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">11</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Accordingly, we find that the ESPP, through its incorporation of
section 423, expressly extends eligibility for participation to the
plaintiff class and affords them the same options to acquire stock in
the corporation as all other employees. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Microsoft
argues that section 423 does not grant the plaintiffs a private right
of enforcement. We conclude, as did the magistrate judge, that
Microsoft's argument is without merit. This case is not about a
private right of action. It is about the construction of the terms of
a plan. As the magistrate judge cogently stated, </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Plaintiffs
do not contend that section 423, per se, provides them with a private
right of enforcement. What they do contend is that Microsoft
expressly incorporated section 423's terms into its ESPP, thereby
making an offer to its employees, including its “common law
employees,” a classification in which they belonged.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_12"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Because
the plan, properly construed, extends participation to all common-law
employees, the plaintiffs may enforce the plan in the same manner as
would any of Microsoft's other employees. They may, and did, assert a
cause of action for breach of contract, not for violation of the
Internal Revenue Code. </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_12"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">12</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_13"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6699"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Microsoft
next contends that the non- disclosure agreements and the information
documents signed by the plaintiffs render them ineligible to
participate in the ESPP. First, the label used in the instruments
signed by the plaintiffs does not control their employment status. </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_13"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">13</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Second, the employment instruments, if construed to exclude the
plaintiffs from receiving ESPP benefits, would conflict with the
plan's express incorporation of section 423. Although Microsoft may
have generally intended to exclude individuals who were in </span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[pg.
96-6699] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">fact
independent contractors, it could not, consistent with its express
intention to extend participation in the ESPP to all common law
employees, have excluded the plaintiffs. Indeed, such an exclusion
would defeat the purpose of including section 423 in the plan,
because the exclusion of common- law employees not otherwise excepted
would result in the loss of the plan's tax qualification. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_14"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Moreover,
we find nothing inconsistent between the employment instruments
signed by the plaintiffs, and an offer of participation in the ESPP.
The statements in those instruments that speak in terms of the
employee being “responsible for...other benefits” or “responsible
to pay all [his] own insurance and benefits” apply most naturally
to health and welfare benefits, or similar employee protection
policies, which an employee would have to pay on his own if the
employer did not provide the benefits. In fact, we find the
instruments fully consistent with the plaintiffs' participation in
the ESPP, because, under the terms of the plan, it is the employee
who makes the stock option payment, not Microsoft. Thus, it </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>is</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
the employee who is “responsible” for paying for the benefit.
Accordingly, even if the incorporation of section 423 did not
override the instruments signed by the plaintiffs, we would conclude
that nothing in those instruments serves to waive or otherwise
foreclose the plaintiffs' eligibility for participation in the ESPP.</span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><b>
</b></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_14"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">14</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_15"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Finally,
Microsoft maintains that the plaintiffs are not entitled to ESPP
benefits because the terms of the plan were never communicated to
them and they were therefore unaware of its provisions when they
performed their employment services. As a preliminary matter, we find
Microsoft's reliance on policy manual cases such as Kimbro v.
Atlantic Richfield Company, 889 F.2d 869, 879 (9th Cir. 1989), to be
misplaced. In Kimbro, we stated that under Washington precedent, an
employer may be contractually bound by promises in employee handbooks
or manuals to provide specific treatment in specific situations only
if an employee can show that the promise induced his reliance —
that is, “that the promise induced him to remain on the job or not
seek other employment.” 889 F.2d at 879 (quoting Thompson v. St.
Regis Paper Co., 685 P.2d 1081, 1088 (Wash. 1984)). However, many
policy manuals are primarily designed for internal guidance and such
manuals are far different in nature and legal effect than
tax-qualified benefit plans that fix the rights of their
beneficiaries. </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_15"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">15</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_16"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In
any event, to the extent that knowledge of an offer of benefits is a
prerequisite, it is probably sufficient that Microsoft publicly
promulgated the plan. In Dangott v. ASG Industries, Inc., 558 P.2d
379, 382 (Okla. 1976), the plaintiff was unaware of the company's
severance plan until shortly before his termination. The Oklahoma
Supreme Court concluded nonetheless that publication of the plan was
“the equivalent of constructive knowledge on the part of </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>all</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
employees not specifically excluded.” Id. at 383 (emphasis added).</span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><b>
</b></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_16"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">16</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Here, the plaintiffs knew of the plan but were wrongly told by
Microsoft that it did not apply to them. We are not aware of any
Washington case involving a similar set of circumstances, but think
it likely that if presented with the question, the Washington Supreme
Court would adopt the Dangott approach, at least under the
circumstances presented in this case. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6700"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="SRC_17"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Microsoft
itself recognizes “the key distinction between offers actually made
to a class of employees, as to which some courts enforce the offer on
behalf of </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>any</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
class member, regardless of individual </span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[pg.
96-6700] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">knowledge
of the offer, and plans as to which no offer is made to the class,
and the class is expressly notified no offer is being made.”
(Emphasis added). Here, the plan was distributed to Microsoft
employees generally. By its terms, the plan extends participation to
the class of common- law employees, and hence offers ESPP benefits to
all members of that class. </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_17"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">17</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Thus, applying the “key” distinction recognized by Microsoft, an
offer was actually made to a class of employees of which the
plaintiffs were a part, and it may be enforced on their behalf
regardless of their individual knowledge regarding the offer. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">We
are not required to rely, however, on the Dangott analysis or even on
Microsoft's own unwitting concession. There is a compelling reason,
implicit in some of the preceding discussion, that requires us to
reject the company's theory that the plaintiffs' entitlement to ESPP
benefits is defeated by their previous lack of knowledge regarding
their rights. It is “well established” that an optionor may not
rely on an optionee's failure to exercise an option when he has
committed any act or failed to perform any duty “calculated to
cause the optionee to delay in exercising the right.” 17A Am. Jur.
2d Contracts section 85 (1991 & Supp. 1996).“[T]he optionor may
not make statements or representations calculated to cause delay,
[or] fail to furnish [necessary] information....” Id. Similarly,
“[I]t is a principle of fundamental justice that if a promisor is
himself the cause of the failure of performance, either of an
obligation due him or of a condition upon which his own liability
depends, he cannot take advantage of the failure.” Highlands Plaza,
Inc. v. Viking Investment Corp., 435 P.2d 669, 676 (Wash. 1967)
(quoting 5 Williston on Contracts section 677 (3d ed. 1961); James S.
Black & Co. v. P & R Co., 530 P.2d 722, 724 (Wash. Ct. App.
1975) (same); Refrigeration Eng'g Co. v. McKay, 486 P.2d 304, 309
(Wash. Ct. App. 1971) (same); see Restatement of Contracts section
295 (1932). </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Applying
these principles, we agree with the magistrate judge, who concluded
that Microsoft, which created a benefit to which the plaintiffs were
entitled, could not defend itself by arguing that the plaintiffs were
unaware of the benefit, when its own false representations precluded
them from gaining that knowledge. Because Microsoft misrepresented
both the plaintiffs' actual employment status and their eligibility
to participate in the ESPP, it is responsible for their failure to
know that they were covered by the terms of the offer. It may not now
take advantage of that failure to defeat the plaintiffs' rights to
ESPP benefits. Thus, we reject Microsoft's final argument. </span></span></span>
</div>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Conclusion</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">For
the reasons stated, the district court's grant of summary judgment in
favor of Microsoft and denial of summary judgment in favor of the
plaintiffs is Reversed and the case Remanded for the determination of
any questions of individual eligibility for benefits that may remain
following issuance of this opinion and for calculation of the damages
or benefits due the various class members. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Reversed
and Remanded. </span></span></span>
</div>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dissent
of Circuit Judge Trott</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Judge:
</span></span></span></b><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">TROTT,
Circuit Judge, Dissenting: </span></span></span>
</div>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I</span></span></h3>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The
Savings Plus Plan</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6701"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Microsoft
has a </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>payroll</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
department, and it has a separate </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>accounts
payable</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
department. Because these plaintiffs were regarded both by Microsoft
</span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>and</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
by themselves as independent contractors or freelancers, Microsoft
did not budget or pay for them through the payroll department, but
through the accounts payable de-</span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
[pg. 96-6701] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">partment.
This commonplace distinction is fatal to the plaintiff's request for
Savings Plus Plan (“SPP”) benefits because to be eligible for
these benefits, they have to have been on the employer's “payroll.”
The Plan itself so states. As freelancers, the plaintiffs worked for
Microsoft with the clear understanding that they were not entitled to
the benefits they now seek. They knew Microsoft paid them based on
the submission of invoices and out of accounts payable. Nevertheless,
they now contend — without a foot to stand on — that they were
indeed on Microsoft's “payroll” and thus eligible for SPP
benefits. In my reading of this record, they were not on Microsoft's
“payroll,” period. I agree with the district court's analysis.
All this may seem formalistic to the casual reader, but it was an
important distinction to Microsoft, </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>and</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
to these workers when they agreed as freelancers to perform work for
this company. How the plaintiffs got on Microsoft's payroll budget
from the accounts payable department is a strange tale based not on
the facts, but on an immaculate patching together by the majority of
a series of interpretations, constructions, presumptions,
plausibilities, assertions, and assumptions, topped off by an
irrelevant definition of “payroll” in a Random House dictionary.
This amalgam is driven in turn by an IRS ruling that the majority
takes way beyond its necessary reach. The majority's strained and
Urbanesque journey belies its claim that it does not create ambiguity
where none exists. In the context of this case — forget Random
House — “payroll” has an ascertainable meaning illustrated in
large measure by the existence in Microsoft of an alternative method
of paying people for their work: out of accounts payable. Anyone
familiar with business is familiar with this distinction. Where is
the ambiguity but in the eyes of uninitiated outsiders? I discern
none, and the plaintiffs saw none either when they voluntarily worked
under these circumstances. As the majority indicates, we interpret
terms in ERISA plans “in an ordinary and popular sense as would a
person of average intelligence and experience,” but we should do so
with an eye to what those hypothetical people actually know (e.g.,
that they did not bargain for the payroll benefits they now seek). To
do otherwise is to engage in head-in-the-sand thinking. All the
maxims invoked by the majority to support their holdings are useless
unless they square with the facts. If I </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>know</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
I have a “no benefits” contract, for example, what good does it
do to ask what the ordinary average Babbitt (George, not Bruce) might
believe after reading a Random House dictionary? These plaintiffs
were university-educated. One had a law degree. They </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>knew</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
what they were getting into, and contra proferentum should not
suggest otherwise. The majority's preference for answering this issue
as a theoretical rather than a real question is wrong. But for the
sake of argument, we can ignore the contextual definition of
“payroll” and concede the existence of an ambiguity created by
the words “United States.” Then we can examine extrinsic evidence
to see if the plaintiffs have a righteous claim to this benefit.
Here, their argument becomes tenuous in the extreme. The plaintiffs
have not presented a shred of relevant extrinsic evidence that would
justify </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>their</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
belief (after signing the documents they did and after accepting the
contractual relationship governing this case) that they were on the
payroll and entitled to any of the payroll benefits of regular
employees, including the SPP. Plaintiff Vizcaino's answers in her
deposition testimony, answers representative of the testimony of all
plaintiffs, adequately illustrate this point: </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
You didn't ask anything [during your initial interview] about the
benefits on this job?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A.
Well, yeah, I must have I guess. I don't remember what we said but, I
guess it — yeah, </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>we
weren't going to get benefits at that time</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6702"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
Okay. And just so we understand each other, when you say benefits —
let me rephrase the question. By benefits I assume that you mean, and
correct me if I'm wrong, things like holidays, vacation, sick leave,
other kinds of paid </span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[pg.
96-6702] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">leave,
participation in the employee stock purchase plans, that kind of
thing. Is that the way you mean benefits?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A.
Yeah.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
Okay. Now, at the end of this conversation, this interview with Ms.
Carter, I assume it was at the end of the conversation, did you
accept the position on the terms that had been discussed in that
interview?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A.
Yes.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(emphasis
added). Equally telling is the deposition testimony of plaintiff
Culbert: </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
Did you ever hear anybody use the term “regular employee” during
your time at Microsoft when you were a freelancer?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A.
I do recall, yes.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
And when that term was used did you understand it to refer to </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>people
who were salaried as opposed to freelancers</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A.
Yes.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
So that until this status change [when Culbert became a regular
employee] in October of 1989 you were never a regular employee at
Microsoft?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A.
I worked at Microsoft consistently.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
But you were never what was referred to as a regular employee?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A.
That's correct. I was never what was referred to as a regular
employee at that time, correct.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
And I take it at no time before October of 1989 did you ever apply
for benefits of any type from Microsoft: sick leave, vacation,
holidays, participation in the employee stock purchase program?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A.
I didn't apply for those things.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.83in; margin-right: 0.83in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">****
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
But during the course of the next few weeks or months [after
beginning work at Microsoft] it became clear to you that being a
freelancer meant that you got no benefits?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A.
That it meant something, if I may, it meant that in some ways </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>I
was different from the regular salaried employees with whom I worked</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
But </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>among
those ways of which it made [sic] you different was that you got no
benefits</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A.
Correct.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(emphasis
added). In the light of this testimony, this case becomes just
another example of litigants trying to force their feet into glass
slippers that do not fit. As the magistrate judge correctly observed,
these plaintiffs had express contracts for “no benefits.” Why
they would accept such an arrangement </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>without</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
benefits is also clear from the record: Microsoft paid them more </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>cash</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
on an hourly basis than regular employees. Plaintiff Culbert
explains: </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
Did you have any understanding at that time [when you became a
regular employee of Microsoft] about whether it was common for
freelancers to be making more on an hourly basis than the equivalent
hourly rate for people who were regular salaried employees?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A.
Yes.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Q.
What was your understanding?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A.
That in general freelance production editor [sic] on a gross cash
basis would stand to make more than a regular staff employee.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6703"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nevertheless,
the plaintiffs brought this lawsuit pursuing not only SPP and stock
purchase benefits, but vacation, sick leave, holidays, short-term
disability, and group health and life insurance as well, i.e., the
best of both worlds. With all respect to my colleagues, their
atmospheric use of the IRS's determination to shore up their analysis
by suggesting Microsoft is a tax cheat is gratuitous and
inappropriate. I do not discern on the part of Microsoft an unlawful
purpose to violate the tax laws. What the IRS does for the purpose of
collecting its due — both early and from the most reliable pocket —
need not cast a dark light on a relationship with which both
Microsoft and these employees were comfortable. It simply does not
follow either from the IRS's ruling or </span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[pg.
96-6703] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">from
Microsoft's compliance with it (1) that these plaintiffs were </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>payroll</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
employees or (2) that to deny the plaintiffs' claim gives Microsoft
unacceptably unclean hands. To quote the United States General
Accounting Office in June of 1996, </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[M]any
employers struggle in making the [employee/independent contractor]
classification decision because of the unclear rules. Until the
classification rules are clarified, we are not optimistic that the
confusion over who is an independent contractor and who is an
employee can be avoided. The Treasury Department characterized the
situation in 1991 in the same terms as it used in 1982; namely, that
“applying the [20 factor] common law test in employment tax issues
does not yield clear, consistent, or satisfactory answers, and
reasonable persons may differ as to the correct classification.” </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_1"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">As
the magistrate judge observed, “[p]laintiffs concede that the IRS
ruling...is in no way binding on this court.” The IRS's familiar
aggressive tax collection position and Microsoft's payroll argument
can exist independently of each other without doing violence to the
law.</span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><b>
</b></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_2"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">2</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
By tone and by choice of words the majority seems subtly to accuse
Microsoft of reprehensible conduct towards its workers. Microsoft is
identified as “refusing” to pay its workers fringe benefits as
though it did something wrong in creating the contractual
relationships in this case. Later in the opinion the majority charges
Microsoft with “misrepresenting” to the plaintiffs their
employment status and with taking advantage of them. They clothe
Microsoft with a Dickensian anti-labor attitude. Such
characterizations spring full-bloom from the first sentence of the
majority's opinion where “avoiding payment of employee benefits”
and “increasing profits” foreshadow the negative coloration of
the infidel Microsoft's role in this drama. The majority's tone and
accusations go against the factual record as developed and described
by the magistrate judge in his Report and Recommendation dated April
15, 1994: </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Plaintiffs
offer the explanation that Microsoft really knew all along that they
were regular “employees” entitled to benefits, and hid this
entitlement from them by “mislabelling” them as independent
contractors or freelancers. </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>This
argument is not persuasive</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.
“Mislabelling” as used by Plaintiffs implies a unilateral act by
Microsoft which in some way hid their true status from Plaintiffs. </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>In
truth, Microsoft was quite open about the terms of its working
relationships with plaintiffs on the subject of employee benefits</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
and </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>each
of the plaintiffs fully understood and accepted those terms</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(emphasis
added). Neither federal nor state law mandates the benefits sought,
nor does the applicable collective bargaining agreement. Microsoft
was free to offer the benefits in return for work as Microsoft saw
fit. Thus, the majority seems to overlook the constitutional right of
private parties freely to enter into contracts of their own choice
and benefit. It is not for the courts under these circumstances to
add clauses to agreements that the parties never contemplated, or to
accuse parties of attitudes and behavior of which they are not
guilty. Congress designed ERISA to protect benefits workers already
had, not to give them benefits for which they did not contract. See
18 U.S.C. section 1001 (Congressional findings and declaration of
policy). </span></span></span>
</div>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">II</span></span></h3>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The
Employee Stock Purchase Plan</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6704"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
plaintiffs' second claim of entitlement is to stock option benefits
under Microsoft's Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), a claim
we process under the law of the State of Washington. The law in </span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[pg.
96-6704] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">question
is the Washington law of </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>contracts</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
. As with the plaintiffs' first claim, the majority engages in
analytical gymnastics to find a contractual right where none exists.
No one disputes that the offer made by Microsoft and accepted by the
plaintiffs explicitly excluded the ESPP benefits now sought.
Plaintiffs freely admit as demonstrated earlier that they never
expected when these contracts were formed to receive any such
benefits. Microsoft never offered the benefits to the plaintiffs,
either bilaterally or unilaterally, the plaintiffs never accepted
them, and the plaintiffs never relied on them in any way whatsoever
as part of their compensation package. As the magistrate judge found
in his Report and Recommendation, </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Microsoft
indeed offered such benefits to its “regular employees” and
described them in employee handbooks issued to regular employees, but
not to freelancers. Moreover, it is not contended by any Plaintiff
that he/she was ever offered such benefits by any Microsoft
spokesperson, or even a handbook, and to the extent that any of them
saw the books, they understood that they were </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>not
entitled</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
to them.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Thus,
without an offer, without acceptance, without consideration, and
without a meeting of the minds, the majority creates by operation of
law a contractual right on behalf of these plaintiffs that they never
even contemplated until this lawsuit began. This unpredictable result
is so radical that it trespasses on Article I, section 10, Clause 1
of the Constitution, which prohibits a state from impairing the
obligation of contracts. Neither through legislation nor by judicial
act could a state severely transmogrify a contractual obligation in
this manner and force one party to it to confer such benefits on the
other. The result in this case resembles the thrust of the Minnesota
statute struck down by the Supreme Court in Allied Structural Steel
Co. v. Spannus, 438 U.S. 234 (1978). In that case, Minnesota had
enacted a law requiring certain private employers who provided
pension benefits under a plan meeting the qualifications of section
401 of the Internal Revenue Code to provide pension benefits
“conspicuously beyond those that [the company] had voluntarily
agreed to undertake.” Id. at 420. The Supreme Court held this
statute unconstitutional under the contracts clause (1) because it
failed to deal with a “broad, generalized economic or social
problem,” and (2) because of its narrow aim at only certain
employers. The Court noted also in the employer's favor (1) that the
employees of Allied Structural never relied on the statutory benefit
at issue, and (2) that the statute “compelled the employer to
exceed bargained-for expectations and nullified an express term of
the pension plan.” Id. at 246 n.18. Justice Stewart said, </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
severity of an impairment of contractual obligations can be measured
by the factors that reflect the high value the framers placed on the
protection of private contracts. Contracts enable individuals to
order their personal and business affairs according to their
particular needs and interests. Once arranged, those rights and
obligations are binding under the law, and the parties are entitled
to rely on them.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Id.
at 245.</span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><b>
</b></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#FN_3"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">3</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Because we are bound to apply state law to this dispute, we have no
authority to impair the obligation of these contracts either. To do
so is tantamount to depriving Microsoft of property without due
process of law. </span></span></span>
</div>
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Conclusion</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z96x5454xPG6705"></a>
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
IRS's understandably tough enforcement program not only collects more
money for the government, but it now has the unforeseen and
unnecessary consequence of forcing employers retroactively to extend
to workers optional benefits for which they did not contract. I
perceive no need whatsoever to permit the IRS's ruling to spill out
of its unique context and to do damage to contracts between companies
</span></span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[pg.
96-6705] </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">and
workers. The ruling and the contracts can exist independently of each
other. Peaceful coexistence simply means that all workers will be
made to pay their taxes, no more, no less, and that all workers will
get that for which they bargained. Thus, I respectfully dissent. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_*"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_*"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">*</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> The
Honorable William W Schwarzer, Senior United States District Judge
for the Northern District of California, sitting by designation. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_1"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_1"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> The
district court certified a class comprising </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[a]ll
persons employed by Microsoft Corporation in the United States who
are denied employee benefits because they are considered independent
contractors or employees of third-party employment agencies, but who
meet the definition of employees of Microsoft Corporation under the
common law.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Microsoft
did not object to the class certification or contest the
determination that freelancers or independent contractors are proper
class members but sought to reserve the question as to whether
certain specific individuals fell within the class as well as the
question of the amounts due class members by way of benefits or
damages. See ER at 27. See also infra n.4. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_2"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_2"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">2</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> “[B]ased
on information received from Microsoft and on information received
from a representative sampling of the workers in that job position,”
the IRS concluded in one of several letter rulings that because
“Microsoft either exercised, or retained the right to exercise,
direction over the services performed,” those persons employed as
testers were employees of Microsoft “for purposes of the Federal
Insurance Contribution Act, the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, and for
Collection of Income Tax at the Source on Wages.” The IRS issued
similar findings regarding formatters, proofreaders, and production
editors. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_3"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_3"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">3</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> Section
1132(a)(1)(B) provides, in pertinent part, that a “civil action may
be brought...by a participant or beneficiary...to recover benefits
due to him </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>under
the terms of the plan</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">....”
(Emphasis added). </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_4"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_4"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">4</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> As
the magistrate judge stated in his Report and Recommendations,
Microsoft conceded the fact that the named plaintiffs and the class
they represent generally were common-law employees. ER at 144,
147-48. See also supra n.1. Microsoft reserved only the right to
object to the employment status of particular plaintiffs during
certain periods of their tenure with Microsoft and to contest the
amount of damages or benefits to be awarded. CR Vol. 12, Document
152, at 9 n.5. For example, Microsoft stated that “for some period
of time, Plaintiff Morgan performed proofreading services from his
home, with an uncertain amount of supervision.” Id. Questions
raising legitimate disputes regarding specific individuals'
eligibility are left to the district court for resolution following
remand. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_5"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_5"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">5</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> When
the plan does not grant the plan administrator discretion to construe
its provisions, the district court reviews de novo, and our review is
also de novo. Mongeluzo v. Baxter Travenol Long Term Disability
Benefit Plan, 46 F.3d 938, 942 (9th Cir. 1995). </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_6"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_6"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">6</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> Microsoft
prevailed before the plan administrator on the theory that the
plaintiffs were not “regular, full-time employees” in “approved
headcount positions,” a theory that it has since abandoned. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_7"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_7"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">7</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> This
case is not controlled by Saffle v. Sierra Pacific Power Company, 85
F.3d 455 (9th Cir. 1996). There, we held that where a plan
administrator misconstrues a plan, the court should not determine
whether benefits are to be awarded under a proper construction;
instead, it should remand to the plan administrator for it to make a
determination under the plan, properly construed. Here, the term that
determines the plaintiff's eligibility was not construed at all by
the plan administrator. More important, both parties have agreed that
a remand would be inappropriate. The parties are, of course, free to
waive any right they may have to a construction by a plan
administrator. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_8"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_8"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">8</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> There
may be a slight variation on the interpretation set forth above that
is equally plausible and would similarly serve to extend eligibility
to the plaintiffs. Under that variation, the disputed phrase would be
construed as referring to all persons employed by Microsoft in the
United States. However, we need not examine that possibility here. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_9"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_9"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">9</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> The
instruments signed by the plaintiffs label them as independent
contractors. Those instruments, however, do not control the
plaintiffs' employment status. See Daughtrey v. Honeywell, 3 F.3d
1488, 1492 (11th Cir. 1993) (“The employment status of an
individual for the purposes of ERISA is not determined by the label
used in the contract between the parties.”). Accordingly, the label
used here does not determine whether the plaintiffs are or are not
common-law employees. The record does, and as Microsoft has conceded,
the named plaintiffs and those they represent are generally
common-law employees. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_10"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_10"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">10</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> Treasury
Regulation section 1.423-1(b) cross-references section 1.421-7(h) for
rules relating to the employment relationship. That subsection, in
turn, provides that the determination whether an optionee is an
employee will be made in accordance with section 3401(c)- 1(a), which
states that the term “employee” includes every individual
performing services for another where the legal relationship between
the two is that of employer and employee. Section 31.3401(c)-1(b)
summarizes the common-law test of employee, and section 31.3401(c)-
1(c) provides that where the legal relationship exists, the labels
used by the parties to describe the relationship are of no
consequence. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_11"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_11"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">11</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> Section
423(b)(4) sets forth four express exceptions. The ESPP incorporates
two of them, as follows: </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[a]ny
employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries who is in the
employ of the Company at one of the offering dates is eligible to
participate in the Plan, except (a) employees whose customary
employment is 20 hours or less per week, and (b) employees whose
customary employment is for not more than five months in the calendar
year.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
plaintiffs fit neither of these exceptions. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_12"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_12"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">12</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> A
similar approach obtains with respect to plans that require
compliance with the provisions of ERISA. While Internal Revenue Code
provisions and Treasury regulations do not create substantive rights
under ERISA, if an ERISA plan explicitly provides that it is to be
construed to meet such provisions, courts look to them in determining
employee eligibility for participation in the plan. See Crouch v.
Mo-Kan Iron Workers Welfare Fund, 740 F.2d 805, 809 (10th Cir. 1984)
(“Because the pension plan states that it is to be construed to
meet the requirements of ERISA, [the participating and vesting rules
require the inclusion of a person in plaintiff's position in the
plan,] and there are obvious and significant benefits to meeting
those requirements, we conclude that we must construe the plan as
including plaintiff as a participant.”); see also Abraham v. Exxon
Corp., 85 F.3d 1126, 1131 (5th Cir. 1996) (finding that court could
not look to Treasury regulations to determine employee eligibility
for participation in an ERISA plan when it did not contain an
explicit provision “declaring that it was to be construed to meet
the requirements of an ERISA plan”). </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_13"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_13"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">13</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> The
pertinent Treasury Department regulation provides that </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-left: 0.42in; margin-right: 0.42in; margin-top: 0.17in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[i]f
the relationship of employer and employee exists, the designation or
description of the relationship by the parties as anything other than
that of employer and employee is immaterial. Thus, if such
relationship exists, it is of no consequence that the employee is
designated as a partner, coadventurer, agent, </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>independent
contractor</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">,
or the like.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Treas.
Reg. section 31.3401(c)-1(e) (emphasis added). Accordingly, that the
instruments describe the plaintiffs as independent contractors and
provide that as such they are not entitled to benefits is not
controlling. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_14"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_14"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">14</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> For
this reason, Microsoft's reliance on Grimes v. Allied Stores
Corporation, 768 P.2d 528, 529 (Wash. Ct. App. 1989), in which the
court considered a conflict between an employment contract and an
employment manual, is inapposite. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_15"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_15"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">15</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> Washington
case law regarding pension plans, for example, holds that “[a]n
enforceable contract will arise...even though the [employee] does not
know the precise terms of the pension agreement.” Dorward v.
ILWU-PMA Pension Plan, 452 P.2d 258, 260 (Wash. 1969). </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_16"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_16"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">16</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> See
Woolley v. Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., 491 A.2d 1257, 1268 n.10 (N.J.
1985) (“The implication of the presumption of reliance is that
the...provisions became binding the moment the [plan] was
distributed. Anyone employed before or after became one of the
beneficiaries of those provisions. And if [Toussaint v. Blue Cross &
Blue Shield, 292 N.W.2d 880 (Mich. 1980)] is followed, employees
neither had to read it, know of its existence, or rely on it to
benefit from its provisions....”); see also A. Corbin, Contracts
section 59 (1963) (suggesting that knowledge of an offer is not
necessary to establish acceptance). </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="FN_17"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875" name="AFTRS90q36570z2"></a>
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_17"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">17</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> Microsoft
contends that despite promulgation of a plan, no rights are created
unless a promise is made directly to the affected employees. The two
cases cited by Microsoft in support of this proposition, Estate of
Bogley v. United States, </span></span></span><span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b></b></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">514
F.2d 1027 [35 AFTR 2d 75- 1646] (Ct. Cl. 1975), and Schmidt v. Avco,
472 N.E.2d 721 (Ohio Ct. App.), aff'd, 473 N.E.2d 822 (1984), are
readily distinguishable. In Bogley, a corporate board of directors
voted to offer the plaintiff a severance plan but never actually
offered it to him. In Schmidt, there was no allegation that the
severance pay policy was published or generally distributed to Avco
employees. We also reject Microsoft's argument that the plaintiffs
represent a separate class. The plaintiff class is a subset of the
class of common-law employees as to whom Microsoft failed to honor
its promise of benefits. That the plaintiffs were wronged in this
manner hardly makes them a separate class for purposes of determining
the scope of the promise. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_1"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> General
Accounting Office, Pub. No. GAO/T-GGD-96-130, Tax Administration:
Issues in Classifying Workers as Employees or Independent Contractors
5 (1996) (statement of Natwar M. Gandhi, Associate Director, Tax
Policy and Administration Issues, General Government Division). </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_2"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">2</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> Because
independent contractors have been found by the IRS to have a lower
compliance rate than employees in paying their taxes — to the tune
of two to three </span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>billion</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
dollars a year — the IRS adopted an aggressive enforcement program
in 1986 resulting to date in 12,983 Employment Tax Examination
Program audits and the reclassification of 527,000 workers. Id.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.18in; margin-top: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: #145da4;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5218489505815320875#SRC_3"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">3</span></span></sup></a></b></span></span><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> See
also Associated Builders & Contractors, Golden Gate Chapter v.
Baca, 769 F. Supp. 1537 (N.D. Cal. 1991) (holding that municipal
legislation requiring contractors to pay minimum wages and benefits
in order to receive private building permits unconstitutionally
impaired the contractors' collective bargaining contracts). </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 0.28in; margin-bottom: 0.17in; margin-top: 0.1in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-88626375321097266732014-03-20T07:34:00.000-07:002014-07-30T07:35:11.835-07:00Small Business Interview: Product, Price, Promo, Competition, Place
<div class="p1">
<b>Intro<br />
Location<br />
Target Market</b></div>
<div class="p2">
Little Italian Pie’s reaches out to two target markets. The first target market is business oriented middle class men and women looking to get lunch. They cater to this market by providing exceptionally fast service in order to accommodate for their short lunch breaks. Their second target market includes families who are looking for a casual environment so they can visit and enjoy dinner. Italian Pie’s maintains customer loyalty by recognizing their customers and making them feel like regulars. This is easier for the dinner customers because they have more time to talk and get to know each other. Italian Pie’s believes that it’s the little things that count and those are the things that the customer is going to remember. Remembering their favorite dishes ….For their core customers, Italian Pie’s offers discounted prices on habitually purchased items and even the inclusion of free items such as bread. The owner abides by her statement, “if you are here all of the time and I know you are coming back I’m going to take care of you.” The owner believes that the main reason customer’s give them business is because they have good food and it is always consistent. She believes consistency is key and always having the same look, portion size, and making sure it always tastes the same makes them dependable in the customer’s eyes and it’s reason that the customer will always be pleased every time they visit. She always believes a way to attract and keep customers is to let them know they are always right. Even if it means losing a little money, keeping them happy and keeping their business is best in the long run.</div>
<h3>
Merchandising</h3>
<div class="p3">
<br /></div>
<div class="p2">
Little Italian Pie’s uses a par list in order to select the inventory they need to satisfy their customer’s needs and wants. The list keeps track of how many items are selling per week, so they always know to have that many on hand. The par is adjusted based on a checks and balances system. If something isn’t selling or they are running out of a particular item, they adjust their par for the following week. Most of their suppliers were set up with the previous owner and continued to do business with them once they took over. Dole and Robinson are their main food distributers with some other vendors that had come and personally asked for their business. Their retail strategy for their inventory focuses on price and quality. When they took over they lowered the price of several of their items because they believe in keeping things fair with their customers. Quality also plays a big part with what they choose for their inventory. The only thing that is not homemade is their pasta. In order to forecast their merchandise needs, they use their par system and take inventory twice a week. They believe it’s always hit or miss and you just have to know your town and the time of year in order to know what merchandise you will need.</div>
<div class="p3">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<b>Pricing</b></div>
<div class="p2">
Little Italian Pie’s has a varying pricing strategy; different things cost them different amounts to make. Their usual markup for food is 300%, while this sounds like it’s a lot, it really isn’t. It gives them what they need to efficiently and effectively run the restaurant and make a profit. This markup can vary, depending on the food item. More expensive (in time and labor) items may have less overall markup. Little Italian Pie’s does run specials or sales throughout the week on certain menu items. On Monday nights, they offer all you can eat spaghetti with a Tech I.D. On Wednesday nights, they have half price wine with the purchase of an entrée. Something that they consider when coming up with specials and sales is what will it cost them. The half price wine deal is not to help them make money on the wine, they do it to get customers into their restaurant. Mrs. Kaitlin stated that, “If you are going to do a sale, you have to have things that people bring in, not a sale on things people don’t like.” Little Italian Pie’s pricing strategy is very competitive; they try to stay right with or just below the competition. Little Italian Pie’s staff knows that their customers are very price sensitive. The customers are quick to gripe about any change in price, or an upcharge for a menu item such as a $2.95 salad.</div>
<h4>
<b>Competition</b></h4>
<div class="p2">
The owener of Little Italian Pie’s do not consider the other Italian restaurant in the area direct completion- however, Roma's is taking business from them. Their strengths include customers who consider their food to be a different type of food, more homemade type; whereas the other is more bistro, Americanized Italian. Another strength is their ability to keep loyal customers who love home cooked and authentic cuisine. The opening of What-a-burger heavily impacted their business for about a week, they handle situations like this by just pushing through and knowing that people will come back if they continue to offer superior service and food. Little Italian Pie’s does have competition though, sWuch as, fast food chains, other sit down restaurants, and home meals.Consumer’s choose Little SItalian Pie’s over the competition because of the homemade, true Italianquality to their food and their friendly fast service. Oppurtunities include the ability to expand into other cities in addition to having an increasingly stronger prescence among college students. Another oppurtunity, is the fact that many</div>
<div class="p2">
Threats include other restaurants and a small town economy fueled by college students who don't like to tip. In addition to slow summers, college students often will not tip so this is why their core customers are so important.</div>
<h4>
<b>Finances and Little Italian Pie's: A Strength or Weakness?</b></h4>
<div class="p2">
Little Italian Pie's competes fiercely on price, but lucky for them, they already have complete ownership of the building and have one less worry to deal with on a frequent basis. When figuring out how much money would be needed to run their business, it came as a huge strength to have a prior-relationship with the previous owner, who was anxious to sell because of an on-going tense relationship with the landlord. They were able to pay for the building all at once, which has been a weakness in that the owners feel they should have talked them down to a lower price now, a realization that set in after thinking about all the effort they had to put into cleaning the place and not helped by the fact that the owner Mrs. Kaitlin does not like the “splatter paint” and other interior designs. A very clear piece of advice offered to entrpreneurs who need a location for their business was that they should buy the building all at once, or borrow from friends or family, and generally try to avoid the banks, interest rates, and other obstacles that are avoided after a one-time purchase or borrowing from trusted friends and family.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5e7aeg0PmgI/U9kCevMDXJI/AAAAAAAABhg/I_Ah18_nfqI/s1600/440px-Reagan_and_Gorbachev_hold_discussions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5e7aeg0PmgI/U9kCevMDXJI/AAAAAAAABhg/I_Ah18_nfqI/s1600/440px-Reagan_and_Gorbachev_hold_discussions.jpg" height="215" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Interview</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<h4>
<b>Promotion</b></h4>
<div class="p2">
Little Italian Pie's utilizes social media to promote their business. The co-owner takes full advantage of the reach that Facebook has. Facebook allows promoters to target specific geographic locations and also consumers. They have sales promotions throughout the week including a five dollar spaghetti night for Louisiana Tech students as well as a half-off wine specialty on Wednesday's. They also promote on the television which was an area the owner, Mrs.Kaitlin Hanna feels their television advertising is a serious strength for Little Italian Pie's. They do not use a marketing agency. The co-owner, Mr. Eric Hanna, feels his specialty is in marketing and he takes control of the stores advertising and promotion.</div>
<div class="p2">
They owners would certainly do everything again, Being a 22-year old and owning her own business is one of the greatest rewards Mrs. Kaitlin gets from her business. There are some changes they felt would She feels her greatest success as a company has been the ability to keep loyal and happy customers. In the future, Little Italian Pie's hopes to expand into Natchitoches Parish and possible Monroe. The future is bright for this small, home-style store and their owners are excited looking into the future.</div>
<div class="p2">
After meeting with the owners and living in Ruston as part of their target demonstrates to me that they are competing well in the market despite many peers feeling their competitors are superior or at least garnishing more attention for their business. Competition is very fierce among small business owners in this area especially as it relates to local food. Their ability to create home style Italian cooking and a smooth transition from Monjuni's Italian Food into Little Italian Pie's has proven to be successful.</div>
<div class="p3">
<br /></div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-70689061137093168922014-03-08T07:25:00.000-08:002014-07-30T07:25:32.441-07:00Retail Organization Chapter definitions, test, answers study <div class="p1">
<h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">End of Chapter Definitions</span></h2>
<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Test Review</span></h3>
<div class="p1">
<b><i>Retail Organization </i></b>– How a firm structures and assigns tasks, policies, resources, authority,</div>
<div class="p1">
responsibilities, and rewards so as to efficiently and effectively satisfy the needs of its target market,</div>
<div class="p1">
employees, and management.</div>
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<b><i>Hierarchy of Authority </i></b>– Outlines the job interactions within a company by describing the reporting</div>
<div class="p1">
relationships among employees. Coordination and control are provided.</div>
<div class="p1">
<b><i>Organization Chart </i></b>– Graphically displays the hierarchical relationships within a firm.</div>
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<b><i>Mazur Plan </i></b>– Divides all retail activities into four functional areas: merchandising, publicity, store</div>
<div class="p1">
management, and accounting and control.</div>
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<b><i>Equal Store Organization </i></b>– Centralizes the buying function. Branch stores become sales units with</div>
<div class="p1">
equal operational status.</div>
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<b><i>Diversified Retailer </i></b>– Multiline firm with central ownership. It is also known as a retail conglomerate.</div>
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<b><i>Human Resource Management </i></b>– Recruiting, selecting, training, compensating, and supervising</div>
<div class="p1">
personnel in a manner consistent with the retailer's organization structure and strategy mix.</div>
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<b><i>Human Resource Management Process </i></b>– Consists of these interrelated activities: recruitment,</div>
<div class="p1">
selection, training, compensation, and supervision. The goals are to obtain, develop, and retain</div>
<div class="p1">
employees.</div>
<div class="p1">
<b><i>Recruitment </i></b>– Activity whereby a retailer generates a list of job applicants.</div>
<div class="p1">
<b><i>Job Analysis </i></b>– Consists of gathering information about each job's functions and requirements: duties,</div>
<div class="p1">
responsibilities, aptitude, interest, education, experience, and physical tasks.</div>
<div class="p1">
<b><i>Traditional Job Description </i></b>– Contains each position's title, supervisory relationships (superior and</div>
<div class="p1">
subordinate), committee assignments, and the specific ongoing roles and tasks.</div>
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<b><i>Goal-Oriented Job Description </i></b>– Enumerates a position's basic functions, the relationship of each job</div>
<div class="p1">
to overall goals, the interdependence of positions, and information flows.</div>
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<b><i>Application Blank </i></b>– Usually the first tool used to screen applicants. It provides data on education,</div>
<div class="p1">
experience, health, reasons for leaving prior jobs, outside activities, hobbies, and references.</div>
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<b><i>Weighted Application Blank </i></b>– Form whereby criteria best correlating with job success get more</div>
<div class="p1">
weight than others. A minimum total score becomes a cutoff point for hiring.</div>
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<b><i>Pre-Training </i></b>– Indoctrination on the history and policies of the retailer and a job orientation on hours,</div>
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compensation, the chain of command, and job duties.</div>
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<b><i>Training Programs </i></b>– Used to teach new (and existing) personnel how best to perform their jobs or</div>
<div class="p1">
how to improve themselves.</div>
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<b><i>Compensation </i></b>– Includes direct monetary payments to employees (such as salaries, commissions, and</div>
<div class="p1">
bonuses) and indirect payments (such as paid vacations, health and life insurance benefits, and</div>
<div class="p1">
retirement plans).</div>
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<b><i>Supervision </i></b>– Manner of providing a job environment that encourages employee accomplishment.</div>
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<b><i>Job Motivation </i></b>– Drive within people to attain work-related goals.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<h3>
Practice Test</h3>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 1. Which of the following is not a job classification method?</div>
<div class="p1">
Functional</div>
<div class="p1">
Product</div>
<div class="p1">
Associated</div>
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Combination</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 2. The job classification method that divides jobs on a goods or service basis is</div>
<div class="p1">
functional.</div>
<div class="p1">
product.</div>
<div class="p1">
associated.</div>
<div class="p1">
combination.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 3. Which job classification method is usually used by large retailers?</div>
<div class="p1">
Functional</div>
<div class="p1">
Product</div>
<div class="p1">
Associated</div>
<div class="p1">
Combination</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 4. An organization with several levels of managers that is characterized by close</div>
<div class="p1">
supervision and with fewer workers reporting to each manager is called a</div>
<div class="p1">
tall organization.</div>
<div class="p1">
flat organization.</div>
<div class="p1">
geographic classification.</div>
<div class="p1">
span of control.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 5. Which of the following statements about organizational arrangements used by small</div>
<div class="p1">
independent retailers is false?</div>
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Small retailers generally have little specialization.</div>
<div class="p1">
Small independent retailers have fewer activities to perform than other types of retailers.</div>
<div class="p1">
The owner-manager personally runs the business and oversees employees.</div>
<div class="p1">
Small independent retailers have no branch units.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 6. Which is not a functional area included in the Mazur plan?</div>
<div class="p1">
Merchandising</div>
<div class="p1">
Strategic planning</div>
<div class="p1">
Publicity</div>
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Accounting and control</div>
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<br /></div>
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Question 7. Under the Mazur plan, the individual with complete accountability for controlling</div>
<div class="p1">
expenses and reaching profit goals within his or her department is the</div>
<div class="p1">
general manager.</div>
<div class="p1">
merchandising manager.</div>
<div class="p1">
divisional manager.</div>
<div class="p1">
buyer.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 8. The department store organizational plan in which most authority remains at the</div>
<div class="p1">
headquarters location is the</div>
<div class="p1">
Mazur plan.</div>
<div class="p1">
main store control.</div>
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separate store.</div>
<div class="p1">
equal store.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 9. The department store organizational plan which tries to achieve the benefits of both</div>
<div class="p1">
centralization and decentralization is the</div>
<div class="p1">
Mazur plan.</div>
<div class="p1">
main store control.</div>
<div class="p1">
separate store.</div>
<div class="p1">
equal store.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 10. Which is not generally a characteristic of the organizational pattern of a chain store?</div>
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Many functional divisions</div>
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Centralized authority and responsibility</div>
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The use of a simple control system</div>
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Standardization of many operations</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 11. Which is not part of the special human resource environment faced by retailers?</div>
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Inexperienced workers</div>
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Few part-time workers</div>
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Long hours</div>
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Variable customer demand</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 12. Job analysis is used in which of the following personnel activities?</div>
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Personnel selection</div>
<div class="p1">
Recruitment</div>
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Training</div>
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Supervision</div>
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<br /></div>
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Question 13. Which selection tool enumerates basic functions, the relationship of each job to overall</div>
<div class="p1">
goals, the interdependence of positions, and information flows?</div>
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Application blank</div>
<div class="p1">
Weighted application blank</div>
<div class="p1">
Goal-oriented job description</div>
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Traditional job description</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 14. Usually, the first tool used by a retailer to screen applicants is the</div>
<div class="p1">
personal interview.</div>
<div class="p1">
application blank.</div>
<div class="p1">
psychological test.</div>
<div class="p1">
pre-training session.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 15. The training method that places trainees into real-life situations and has them act out</div>
<div class="p1">
conflicts is</div>
<div class="p1">
lecture.</div>
<div class="p1">
case study.</div>
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competency-based instruction.</div>
<div class="p1">
role playing.</div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="td1" valign="middle">
<div class="p3">
Question 16. The training method that uses extensive interaction and is good for supervisors as a tool</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="p1">
for understanding employees is</div>
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sensitivity training.</div>
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conference.</div>
<div class="p1">
behavior modeling.</div>
<div class="p1">
demonstration.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Question 17. Which form of compensation is an indirect payment?</div>
<div class="p1">
Salary</div>
<div class="p1">
Straight commission</div>
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Retirement plans</div>
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Bonus</div>
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<br /></div>
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Question 18. In which form of compensation are earnings directly tied to productivity?</div>
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Salary</div>
<div class="p1">
Straight commission</div>
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Salary plus commission</div>
<div class="p1">
Compensation cafeteria</div>
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<br /></div>
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Question 19. Executives choose their own combination of salary, bonus, fringe benefits, stock</div>
<div class="p1">
options, and retirement benefits through which system?</div>
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Salary</div>
<div class="p1">
Straight commission</div>
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Salary plus commission</div>
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Compensation cafeteria</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 20. Which of the following is an example of a desired goal?</div>
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A safe work environment</div>
<div class="p1">
Employee empowerment in his/her area of work</div>
<div class="p1">
Fair compensation</div>
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Basic fringe benefits</div>
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<br /></div>
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Question 21. The retailer must perform all the tasks of retailing.</div>
<div class="p1">
True || False</div>
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<br /></div>
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Question 22. The product classification method of categorizing jobs recognizes that differences exist</div>
<div class="p1">
in the personnel requirements for different products.</div>
<div class="p1">
True || False</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 23. A firm with a large number of subordinates reporting to one supervisor has a tall</div>
<div class="p1">
organization. True || False</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 24. A firm with a tall organization structure can handle problems quicker than one with a</div>
<div class="p1">
flat organization.bTrue || False</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 25. An independent retailer has a much simpler organization than a chain retailer.</div>
<div class="p1">
True || False</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 26. Many small retailers use organizational arrangements that are a modification of the</div>
<div class="p1">
Mazur plan. True || False</div>
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<br /></div>
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Question 27. The basic Mazur plan groups all retail activities into one functional area. True || False</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 28. The equal-store organization is a popular arrangement today for chain retailers.</div>
<div class="p1">
True || False</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 29. Human resource management is required of all retailers. True || False</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 30. Labor costs can amount to over 50 percent or more of a retailer's operating expenses.</div>
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True || False</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 31. The special human resource environment complicate employee hiring, staffing, and</div>
<div class="p1">
supervision. True || False</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 32. Retailers often rely on employee recommendations or advertisements to recruit entry-</div>
<div class="p1">
level personnel.</div>
<div class="p1">
True || False</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 33. During recruitment, a retailer's major goal is to generate a list of three to five qualified</div>
<div class="p1">
applicants.</div>
<div class="p1">
True || False</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 34. Job analysis is used for selecting personnel, establishing performance standards, and</div>
<div class="p1">
assigning salaries.</div>
<div class="p1">
True || False</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 35. A traditional job description enumerates the relationship of each job to overall goals.</div>
<div class="p1">
True || False</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 36. An application blank should be used in conjunction with a job description.</div>
<div class="p1">
True || False</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 37. The training programs used by retailers should be geared only to new employees.</div>
<div class="p1">
True || False</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 38. The training method characterized by no active participation by trainees is the case study</div>
<div class="p1">
method.</div>
<div class="p1">
True || False</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 39. With a straight commission plan, employee earnings are directly tied to productivity.</div>
<div class="p1">
True || False</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 40. A motivated employee requires fulfillment of both minimum expectations</div>
<div class="p1">
("dissatisfiers") and desired goals ("satisfiers").</div>
<div class="p1">
True || False</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 41. A retailer should carry out a task only if it is desired by the __________.</div>
<div class="p1">
retailer's management</div>
<div class="p1">
target market</div>
<div class="p1">
current customers</div>
<div class="p1">
retailer's board</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 42. In a _____ classification, jobs are divided among areas such as sales promotion, buying,</div>
<div class="p1">
classification is useful for chains operating in different areas.and store operations; a _____ classification divides jobs on a goods or service basis; and a ______</div>
<div class="p1">
product, functional, geographic</div>
<div class="p1">
structural, functional, geographic</div>
<div class="p1">
functional, product, geographic</div>
<div class="p1">
functional, tall, diversified</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 43. The ________________ outlines the job interactions within a company by describing</div>
<div class="p1">
the reporting relationships among employees.</div>
<div class="p1">
informational organization structure</div>
<div class="p1">
mother hen organization</div>
<div class="p1">
division of labor</div>
<div class="p1">
hierarchy of authority</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 44. The basic Mazur plan divides all retail activities into four functional areas: _____,</div>
<div class="p1">
_____, __________, and ____________.</div>
<div class="p1">
merchandising, publicity, store management, accounting/control</div>
<div class="p1">
merchandising, buying, store management, accounting/control</div>
<div class="p1">
buying, selling, store operations, accounting/control</div>
<div class="p1">
buying, merchandising, store operations, financial/accounting</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 45. The buying organization in which department stores try to achieve the benefits of both</div>
<div class="p1">
centralization and decentralization is the _______________.</div>
<div class="p1">
main store control</div>
<div class="p1">
diversified store organization</div>
<div class="p1">
separate store organization</div>
<div class="p1">
equal store organization</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 46. A _________ is a multi-line firm operating under central ownership.</div>
<div class="p1">
department store</div>
<div class="p1">
chain retailer</div>
<div class="p1">
diversified retailer</div>
<div class="p1">
public retailer</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 47. _______________ involves recruiting, selecting, training, compensating, and</div>
<div class="p1">
supervising personnel in a manner consistent with the retailer's organization structure and strategy mix.</div>
<div class="p1">
Retail labor relations</div>
<div class="p1">
Human resource management</div>
<div class="p1">
Retail management recruitment</div>
<div class="p1">
Retail personnel motivation</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 48. While a _______________ contains each position's title, relationships, and the specific</div>
<div class="p1">
roles and tasks to be performed on an ongoing basis, a(n) _____________________ enumerates basic</div>
<div class="p1">
functions, the relationship of each job to overall goals, the interdependence of positions, and</div>
<div class="p1">
information flows.</div>
<div class="p1">
formal job description, informal-based job description</div>
<div class="p1">
traditional job description, goal-oriented job description</div>
<div class="p1">
structured job description, unstructured-based job description</div>
<div class="p1">
concurrent job description, static-type job description</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 49. __________ is an indoctrination on the history and policies of the retailer and a job</div>
<div class="p1">
orientation on the hours, compensation, chain of command and job duties.</div>
<div class="p1">
Pre-training</div>
<div class="p1">
Skill training</div>
<div class="p1">
Human relations</div>
<div class="p1">
Corporate culture</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 50. The training method which entails presenting an actual or hypothetical problem and</div>
<div class="p1">
learning by doing is __________.</div>
<div class="p1">
live demonstration</div>
<div class="p1">
sensitivity training</div>
<div class="p1">
case study</div>
<div class="p1">
programmed instruction</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 51. Compensation includes both __________ payments (such as salaries, commissions, and</div>
<div class="p1">
bonuses) and _____ payments (such as paid vacations, health and life insurance benefits, and</div>
<div class="p1">
retirement plans).</div>
<div class="p1">
straight salary, incentive</div>
<div class="p1">
straight salary, fringe</div>
<div class="p1">
direct salary, bonus</div>
<div class="p1">
direct monetary, indirect</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 52. With a _________ plan, a worker is paid a fixed amount per hour, week, month, or year.</div>
<div class="p1">
combination compensation</div>
<div class="p1">
collective bargaining</div>
<div class="p1">
straight salary</div>
<div class="p1">
straight commission</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 53. _____ is the manner of providing a job environment that encourages employee</div>
<div class="p1">
accomplishment.</div>
<div class="p1">
Supervision</div>
<div class="p1">
Motivation</div>
<div class="p1">
Compensation</div>
<div class="p1">
Satisfaction</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 54. __________ is the drive within people to attain work-related goals.</div>
<div class="p1">
Job enrichment</div>
<div class="p1">
Job compensation</div>
<div class="p1">
Job satisfaction</div>
<div class="p1">
Job motivation</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 55. ________ relate(s) more to the job environment.</div>
<div class="p1">
Minimum expectations</div>
<div class="p1">
Desired goals</div>
<div class="p1">
Job compensation</div>
<div class="p1">
Job motivation</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tN6jfOaDGF4/U9j__mZlBCI/AAAAAAAABhI/LGlqQbCHwSQ/s1600/IMG_2159+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tN6jfOaDGF4/U9j__mZlBCI/AAAAAAAABhI/LGlqQbCHwSQ/s1600/IMG_2159+2.jpg" height="320" width="239" /></a></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<b>Answer Score</b></h3>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="td2" valign="middle">
<div class="p3">
Now for the following answers for the questions #1-#55.</div>
<div class="p3">
Question 1. Associated</div>
<div class="p5">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="p1">
Question 2. product.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 3. Combination</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 4. tall organization.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 5. Small independent retailers have fewer activities to perform than other types of retailers.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 6. Strategic planning</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 7. buyer.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 8. main store control.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 9. equal store.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 10. The use of a simple control system</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 11. Which is not part of the special human resource environment faced by retailers?</div>
<div class="p1">
<b>Few part-time workers</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 12. <b>Personnel selection</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Question 13. <b>Goal-oriented job description</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Usually, the first tool used by a retailer to screen applicants is the <b>application blank.</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The training method that places trainees into real-life situations and has them act out conflicts is</div>
<div class="p1">
<b>role playing.</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The training method that uses extensive interaction and is good for supervisors as a tool for</div>
<div class="p1">
understanding employees is <b>sensitivity training.</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Which form of compensation is an indirect payment? <b>Retirement plans</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
In which form of compensation are earnings directly tied to productivity? <b>Straight commission</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Executives choose their own combination of salary, bonus, fringe benefits, stock options, and</div>
<div class="p1">
retirement benefits through which system? <b>Compensation cafeteria</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Which of the following is an example of a desired goal? <b>Employee empowerment in his/her</b></div>
<div class="p1">
<b>area of work</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The retailer must perform all the tasks of retailing. <b>False</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The product classification method of categorizing jobs recognizes that differences exist in the</div>
<div class="p1">
personnel requirements for different products. <b>True</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
A firm with a large number of subordinates reporting to one supervisor has a tall organization. <b>False</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
A firm with a tall organization structure can handle problems quicker than one with a flat</div>
<div class="p1">
organization. <b>False</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
An independent retailer has a much simpler organization than a chain retailer. <b>True</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Many small retailers use organizational arrangements that are a modification of the Mazur plan.</div>
<div class="p1">
<b>False</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The basic Mazur plan groups all retail activities into one functional area. <b>False</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The equal-store organization is a popular arrangement today for chain retailers.</div>
<div class="p1">
<b>True</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Human resource management is required of all retailers. <b>True</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Labor costs can amount to over 50 percent or more of a retailer's operating expenses. <b>True</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The special human resource environment complicate employee hiring, staffing, and</div>
<div class="p1">
supervision. <b>True</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Retailers often rely on employee recommendations or advertisements to recruit</div>
<div class="p1">
entry-level personnel.</div>
<div class="p1">
<b>True</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
During recruitment, a retailer's major goal is to generate a list of three to five qualified</div>
<div class="p1">
applicants.</div>
<div class="p1">
<b>False</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Job analysis is used for selecting personnel, establishing performance standards, and</div>
<div class="p1">
assigning salaries.</div>
<div class="p1">
<b>True</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
A traditional job description enumerates the relationship of each job to overall goals.</div>
<div class="p1">
<b>False</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
An application blank should be used in conjunction with a job description.</div>
<div class="p1">
<b>True</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The training programs used by retailers should be geared only to new employees.</div>
<div class="p1">
<b>False</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The training method characterized by no active participation by trainees is the case study</div>
<div class="p1">
method. <b>False</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
With a straight commission plan, employee earnings are directly tied to productivity.</div>
<div class="p1">
<b>True</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
A motivated employee requires fulfillment of both minimum expectations ("dissatisfiers") and</div>
<div class="p1">
desired goals ("satisfiers"). <b>True</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
A retailer should carry out a task only if it is desired by the <b>target market</b>.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
In a <b>functional</b> classification, jobs are divided among areas such as sales promotion, buying, and</div>
<div class="p1">
store operations; a <b>product</b> classification divides jobs on a goods or service basis; and a <b>geographic</b></div>
<div class="p1">
classification is useful for chains operating in different areas.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The <b>hierarchy of authority</b> outlines the job interactions within a company by describing the</div>
<div class="p1">
reporting relationships among employees.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The basic Mazur plan divides all retail activities into four functional areas: <b>merchandising</b>, <b>publicity</b>,</div>
<div class="p1">
<b>store management, </b>and <b>accounting/control.</b></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The buying organization in which department stores try to achieve the benefits of both</div>
<div class="p1">
centralization and decentralization is the <b>equal store organization</b>.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
A <b>diversified retailer</b> is a multi-line firm operating under central ownership.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<b>Human resource management</b> involves recruiting, selecting, training, compensating, and supervising personnel in a manner consistent with the retailer's organization structure and strategy mix.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
While a <b>traditional job description</b> contains each position's title, relationships, and the specific roles and tasks to be performed on an ongoing basis, a(n) <b>goal-oriented job description</b> enumerates basic functions, the relationship of each job to overall goals, the interdependence of positions, and</div>
<div class="p1">
information flows. </div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<b>Pre-training</b> is an indoctrination on the history and policies of the retailer and a job orientation</div>
<div class="p1">
on the hours, compensation, chain of command and job duties.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
The training method which entails presenting an actual or hypothetical problem and learning by</div>
<div class="p1">
doing is <b>case study</b>.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Compensation includes both <b>direct monetary</b> payments (such as salaries, commissions, and</div>
<div class="p1">
bonuses) and <b>indirect</b> payments (such as paid vacations, health and life insurance benefits, and</div>
<div class="p1">
retirement plans).</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
With a <b>straight salary</b> plan, a worker is paid a fixed amount per hour, week, month, or year.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<b>Supervision</b> is the manner of providing a job environment that encourages employee</div>
<div class="p1">
accomplishment.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<b>Job motivation</b> is the drive within people to attain work-related goals.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="p1">
<b>Desired goals</b> relate(s) more to the job environment. </div>
</div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-85208927209494104752014-02-16T07:29:00.000-08:002014-07-30T07:29:39.012-07:00Reading Hawthorne’s “The Birthmark”<div class="p1">
On the first reading of the story, answer the following questions:</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
1. Who are the three characters in the stories? Name them and list some of each one’s character traits.</div>
<div class="p1">
Aylmer- strength, secular, logical, mostly rational, irrational, scientific</div>
<div class="p1">
Georgiana- beauty, perfection (except for birthmark), love, motherly mother</div>
<div class="p1">
-^ Birthmark- imperfection, mortality</div>
<div class="p1">
Achimindad – lab assistant, wants/ longs for what he can’t have (Georgiana)</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
2. What are the relationships among the characters?</div>
<div class="p1">
Aylmer + Georgiana= husband and wife</div>
<div class="p1">
Achminidad= lab assistance to Aylmer</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
3. What is the major conflict in the story? Can you identify a second and third level of conflict in the story?</div>
<div class="p1">
aylmer’s vs Georgiana: man vs man</div>
<div class="p1">
aylmer science vs aylmer’s love: man vs himself</div>
<div class="p1">
love/ nature/ spirit vs with science and logical</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
4. What is the story’s locale? Give some details about the immediate setting of each of the events of the story. How might having a scientific laboratory in your home affect dynamics between people?</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
5. In general, when in the story set? What impact might the time of the story have on the couple’s relationship?</div>
<div class="p1">
Male female relationships have evolved vastly since the 19th century, women more empowering</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<h4>
DO NOT MOVE ON TO THE NEXT SECTION UNTIL YOU HAVE COMPLETED PART 1</h4>
<div class="p1">
</div>
<div class="p1">
1. Write a brief outline of the story. Identify specific questions you have about details you find interesting or confusing. </div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
2. Comment on how men and women were positioned with respect to science in the 19th century as depicted in the first paragraph.</div>
<div class="p1">
Science competed with marriage, the two could not coexist, and science was also seen as new and exciting with infinite possibilities</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
3. Explain how the relationship between Nature and a scientist is portrayed in the first paragraph. Can you find similar references in the other parts of the story?</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
4. What does Aylmer’s name signify? (look it up in a baby names dictionary online)</div>
<div class="p1">
Infamous, noble and famous</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
5. How does Aylmer perceive science and marriage in the first paragraph?</div>
<div class="p1">
They are battling and only one can come out,</div>
<div class="p1">
In the same sense that an alcoholic replaces one addiction with an “addiction, Aylmer replaces the human need (seen throughout human history) for a “higher power” or religion, with science and the power of explanation.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
6. The birthmark on Georgiana’s face has “readability”. What does it tell us about the beholders, e.g. women, Georgiana’s lovers, masculine observers, Aylmer, the narrator?</div>
<div class="p1">
masculine observers find her even more desirable= beauty in difference- true beauty is in difference or absolute (unobtainable) perfection, depending on eye of beholder/ nature= beauty in difference relation</div>
<div class="p1">
women- in obvious jealousy- see the “ugliness” in the slight imperfection, they probably have greater imperfections or things they are self conscience of</div>
<div class="p1">
narrator</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
7. What is Georgiana’s perception of her birthmark at the beginning of the story? Does her perception change later? If yes, explain why.</div>
<div class="p1">
Slightly, it’s earlier said that she would blush when it was brought up, sometimes she could feel really self conscience about it and other times not bother her, her perception changes as she realizes how it bothers the man who loves/ supposed to love her</div>
<div class="p1">
yes, that she would give up her confidence in something that made her unique to satisfy her husband, only did it because of intense pressure to make things work with someone she lover</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
8. Why is the birthmark described as a manual?</div>
<div class="p1">
compared to Ayler’s folio volume where he records the surgery on Georgiana,</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
9. Discuss the function of the birthmark as a metaphor in the story. What is the significance of the crimson hand?</div>
<div class="p1">
Crimson is a color of vigor and life and also of blood, it contrasts greatly with pale, its her “life force” what makes Georgiana unique, every human is thought to be “unique” and in differences we’re united</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
10. What could be the reason(s) for Aylmer’s obsession with the removal of the birthmark?</div>
<div class="p1">
he deeply wants to know there’s more to life than scientific explanations and the importance of “perfect” in science-the scientists can play god and say what could be better or what to change get rid of- nothing is “perfect”, and sees the imperfect birthmark as ruining something that is “perfect” and would lead him to see the other side of his vastly scientific life</div>
<div class="p1">
only god can create beauty in perfection- nature</div>
<div class="p1">
man was not meant to create perfection- Georgiana dies as Aylmer shouts “she is perfect”</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
11. What does the removal of the birthmark signify? Why does he want to eradicate the mark?</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
12. What does Georgiana’s name signify?</div>
<div class="p1">
comes from Greek word meaning “farmer,”</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
13. What does Aminadab’s name signify?</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
14. Read the following excerpt and explain the significance of Aylmer’s dream in the story: “The mind is in a sad state when Sleep, the all-involving, cannot confine her spectres within the dim region of her sway, but suffers them to break forth, affrighting this actual life with secrets that perchance belong to a deeper one. Aylmer now remembered his dream. He had fancied himself with his servant Aminadab, attempting an operation for the removal of the birthmark; but the deeper went the knife, the deeper sank the hand, until at length its tiny grasp appeared to have caught hold of Georgiana’s heart; whence, however, her husband was inexorably resolved to cut or wrench it away.”</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
15. Discuss how the following two excerpts could help us understand the relationship between Georgiana and Aylmer: “…Danger is nothing to me; for life, while this hateful mark makes me the object of your horror and disgust, — life is a burden which I would fling down with joy. Either remove this dreadful hand, or take my wretched life! You have deep science. All the world bears witness of it. You have achieved great wonders. Cannot you remove this little, little mark, which I cover with the tips of two small fingers? Is this beyond your power, for the sake of your own peace, and to save your poor wife from madness?”“Noblest, dearest, tenderest wife,” cried Aylmer. rapturously, “doubt not my power. I have already given this matter the deepest thought — thought which might almost have enlightened me to create a being less perfect than yourself. Georgiana, you have led me deeper than ever into the heart of science. I feel myself fully competent to render this dear cheek as faultless as its fellow; and then, most beloved, what will be my triumph when I shall have corrected what Nature left imperfect in her fairest work! Even Pygmalion, when his sculptured woman assumed life, felt not greater ecstasy than mine will be.”</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
16. Explain how the reference to Pygmalion functions in the story.</div>
<div class="p1">
looks like a pygmy or fairy hand,</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
17. Examine how Aylmer’s laboratory and boudoir are described and discuss what they could signify in the story.</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
18. Locate the paragraphs in which Aminadab is portrayed and discuss his function in the story.</div>
<div class="p1">
laughs as Aylmer’s tragic loss, can be see as cruel if his motive is because of jealousy and his desires towards Georgiana</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
19. Comment on the following excerpt:“”Yes, master,” answered Aminadab, looking intently at the lifeless form of Georgiana; and then he muttered to himself, “If she were my wife, I’d never part with that birthmark.”</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
20. What do the volumes of Aylmer’s scientific library represent in the story?</div>
<div class="p1">
His dedication and knowledge of a subject which Aylmer has immersed his life. Replaced </div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
21. Examine the following description of the laboratory to identify the metaphor used and discuss what message Hawthorne could be conveying through this metaphor: “The first thing that struck her eye was the furnace, that hot and feverish worker, with the intense glow of its fire, which by the quantities of soot clustered above it seemed to have been burning for ages. There was a distilling apparatus in full operation. Around the room were retorts, tubes, cylinders, crucibles, and other apparatus of chemical research. An electrical machine stood ready for immediate use. The atmosphere felt oppressively close, and was tainted with gaseous odors which had been tormented forth by the processes of science. The severe and homely simplicity of the apartment, with its naked walls and brick pavement, looked strange, accustomed as Georgiana had become to the fantastic elegance of her boudoir. But what chiefly, indeed almost solely, drew her attention, was the aspect of Aylmer himself.”</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
22. Why do you think Aylmer is often described as “pale”?</div>
<div class="p1">
the lack of “life” and will to live that many scientists who “have it all figured out” –(find related quote) find them selves living in as a result of losing the magic/awe of life- those things that cant be explained</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
23. What does the following excerpt tell us about Georgiana and women in general the 19th century?: “Save on your account, my dearest Aylmer,” observed his wife, “I might wish to put off this birthmark of mortality by relinquishing mortality itself in preference to any other mode. Life is but a sad possession to those who have attained precisely the degree of moral advancement at which I stand. Were I weaker and blinder it might be happiness. Were I stronger, it might be endured hopefully. But, being what I find myself, methinks I am of all mortals the most fit to die.”</div>
<div class="p1">
Reliance on often unreliable male/ dominant figures, divorce is practically unheard of</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
24. What is the significance of Aminadab’s laughter at the end of the story?</div>
<div class="p1">
Maybe he found Aylmer’s brief belief of success followed by a tragic failure humorous, delights in no loner feeling jealousy and longing for Georgiana which he could never had had (if I can’t have it no one else should either)</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
25. How would you interpret “The Birthmark” as a vampire story?</div>
<div class="p1">
Immortality, death and life, crimson can be viewed as blood</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
26. List some of the themes in the story.</div>
<div class="p1">
Nothing is perfect.</div>
<div class="p1">
Appreciate the small things.</div>
<div class="p1">
Learn to accept differences</div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
27. What message(s) would the story be conveying to the reader? How would you apply these messages to the contemporary world we live in?</div>
<div class="p1">
Constant references to “Clay, earthly mass” symbolic of the creation of man by god</div>
<div class="p1">
Apply a faith in god and great recognition of the err of mankind (Puritan ideals- seen constant in Hawthorne’s writing)</div>
<div class="p1">
“Perfect future in the present”- the love he could’ve felt for Georgiana their whole time together but couldn’t appreciate what he had</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oK49jf3nnS8/U9kBJ3sIaYI/AAAAAAAABhU/3Lu7g2dmosE/s1600/Reagan-Gorbachev_shaking_hands_1987-12-07_C44091-30.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oK49jf3nnS8/U9kBJ3sIaYI/AAAAAAAABhU/3Lu7g2dmosE/s1600/Reagan-Gorbachev_shaking_hands_1987-12-07_C44091-30.jpg" height="320" width="239" /></a></div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<h4>
DO NOT MOVE ON TO THE NEXT SECTION UNTIL YOU HAVE COMPLETED PART 2 </h4>
<div class="p1">
1. What is "marriage," what's the nature of a "good marriage," or a "good relationship"? Love, trust, honesty are pretty constant, a good fit of personalities (one dominant one submissive, similar ideas/ personality)</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
2. What's the nature of beauty? Do we go wrong when we define beauty? Physical beauty seems to vary culture to culture, though evolutionary imprints of fertility (wide hips (for child birth), hour glass figure) for women; and protective and providing (strong, tall) for men. Beauty is unique and rare, not commercial, internal personality (angelic spirit in Georgiana) often result in appreciating the deeper, truer beauty</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
3. What does the story say about the pursuit of perfection? What would make this pursuit acceptable? Is it reasonable to expect sacrifices from others as this quest is pursued? Are scientists free from these considerations? Why/why not?</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
4. What does the story indicate about the relationship between self-image and happiness? What do the characters think about this relationship? Self image is important to be happy, if Georgiana believed herself to be pretty than it wouldn’t mind what her husband said. Aylmer just focused on physical mark and not internal beauty. Self image should be used in combination with self appreciation, image is not everything which is where Georgiana true beauty lay</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
5. Is idealism a kind of madness? What makes Aylmer's idealism "mad"? </div>
<div class="p1">
Nothing is ever going to be perfect, idealism is a fantasy and to bring about in reality is impossible, to obsess over this impossibly is madness especially to the point of killing your wife</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
6. What does the story suggest about the human imperative to dominate and control nature? Do the characters reflect on the relationship between the need to control and the need for balance? Just with the impossibility for science and religion to co exist, the same conflict seems to separate dominant and submissive. There needs to be a balance, between control and obey.</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
7. Does the story imply that Georgiana’s submission to Aylmer requires her to suspend her intelligence and/or her logical capacities? Why does Georgiana submit to Aylmer? Do women still submit to others in this way? Yes it implies her to place personal feelings and logical flaws on hold because the obvious risk that was associated with the surgical removal of the birthmark was completely ignored by a rational and intelligent woman, however it was apparent no price was too high for her to become perfect in the eyes of her husband, the submission is common in older relationships and still seen today, the role of dominant and submissive partners is an evolutionary trait for efficiency and survival</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
8. Is excessive pride at the heart of Aylmer's will to power? Is it his "fatal flaw"? Does Georgiana have pride? How is it different from Aylmer’s? Georgiana’s humility added to the beuty of her, knowing she was “perfect” would add arrogance and other character defects into her angelic spirit</div>
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
9. Is this story a tragedy? Whose tragedy? Tragedy because Aylmer’s wife, the unappreciated work of beauty, is gone just as Aylmer truly begins to realize his error in not recognizing the beauty</div>
<br />
<div class="p1">
<br /></div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-4233190637615896542014-01-25T04:00:00.000-08:002014-01-25T04:00:02.198-08:00Case Analysis: United Steel Union- AFL CIO v. NLRB<ol>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Are
you in agreement with the court’s assessment?</b></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Yes
I am in agreement with the court’s decision because Jones hired the
replacement workers as permanent workers to the company. Also with
all of the evidence that the NLRB has received for the striking
workers and the replacement workers I feel as though the decision to
refuse the appeal is the correct action. </span>
</div>
<ol start="2">
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Once
the replacement workers are hired, does the employer owe any
allegiance to the workers who went on strike?</b></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No,
I do not believe so. Even though Jones did offer some of the striking
employee’s positions and some of them accepted I do not believe
that they had to do this because the replacement employees were hired
as permanent employees to the company. The striking employees were
costing the company money, why should they have to show allegiance to
people who do not truly care about the operations of the
organization. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3">
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
would be an ethical resolution to this case?</b></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">An
ethical resolution would be to maintain every replacement employee
because they signed a contract of permanence, but to also offer jobs
to the workers that went on strike. If anyone in either group is
dissatisfied by these actions then since it is at-will they are free
to leave at any time. </span>
</div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-49314337491271773212013-12-27T22:41:00.000-08:002013-12-27T22:41:00.316-08:00BioScience 102 - Lower Invertebrates<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sIpU2jIE4I8/UljhCJrm5wI/AAAAAAAABfg/9zuDC3Ox9c0/s1600/ImageSprite.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="9" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sIpU2jIE4I8/UljhCJrm5wI/AAAAAAAABfg/9zuDC3Ox9c0/s320/ImageSprite.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ija79I6H10I/Uljg_PzeKCI/AAAAAAAABfc/h8iEHhTXeHc/s1600/ThrobbingGristleGreatestHits.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ija79I6H10I/Uljg_PzeKCI/AAAAAAAABfc/h8iEHhTXeHc/s320/ThrobbingGristleGreatestHits.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">I. Introduction</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> A. Kingdom
Animalia - the Animals</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Multicellular,
aerobic heterotrophs</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Nutrition from large molecules</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> a. Ingestion
- eating whole or in parts</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> b. Parasitism
- close relationship where parasite obtains nutrition from living
host</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 3. Bodies are diploid - only the gametes are haploid</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 4. Most animals are motile - move around as a result
of their own activity</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> a. Some
sessile - not motile and attached</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> b. Sessile
forms--mechanisms for dispersal - just like plants and fungi</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> B Invertebrates
= animals without backbones</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> C. A
group with great diversity</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Many phyla</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Possibly a result of multiple lines of evolution
from the Protista</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> a. Fossil
evidence from 800 million years in the form of tracks and burrows in
marine sediments</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> b. Ciliates--multiple
nuclei, then compartments</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> c. Colonial
flagellates with specialized cells</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> D. Body
symmetry</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Asymmetrical - no specific or characteristic shape</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Radial - parts arranged around a central axis</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> a. Through
the central axis in many planes and numerous equal halves</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> b. Usually
associated with sessile or very slow moving animals</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> c. Always
animals that live in water</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 3. Bilateral symmetry</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> a. Two
sides that are mirror images of each other (not perfect)</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> b. Two
ends - anterior and posterior</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> c. Usually
a "top and bottom" = the dorsal and ventral</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> d. Evolutionary
trend toward cephalization - a concentration of the sensory and
nervous control areas in the head (anterior) end which leads into the
environment</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">II. </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Placozoan</b></span><span style="font-size: small;">
- plate animal</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> A. Soft
bodied and flat and a bit lumpy "like pita bread"
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> B. Cells
arranged in two layers </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> C. Specialized
cells migrate. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Lower layer with glandular cells which secrete
enzymes for digestion</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. What kingdom studied earlier with same manner?</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> D. Reproduction--unknown</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> F. One
known organism - Trichoplax adhaerens</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">III. </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Porifera</b></span><span style="font-size: small;">
- the sponges</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> A. mostly
marine, a few are freshwater</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> B. Usually
asymmetrical</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Outer layer of a flattened epidermis</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Inner layer of choanocytes - collar cells</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 3. Non-cellular layer between which contains </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> a. amoeboid
cells - wandering cells</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> b. protein
fibers </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> c. spicules
- needles of calcium carbonate or silica</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> C. Two
layered body around one or more cavities </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. body wall is
perforated</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. beating flagella create current of water into the
cavity </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 3. food coming in with water is trapped on the collar
of the choanocytes</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> D. Reproduction</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Sexual with eggs and sperm</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Asexual by fragmentation (passive) or by production
of gemmules (protected groups of cells)</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">IV. </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Cnidarians</b></span><span style="font-size: small;">
(tissue level) jellyfish, sea anemones, corals</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> A. Radial
symmetry</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> B. Body
Plan</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Two cell layers</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> a. outer
epithelium - epidermis</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> b. inner
epithelium with digestive cells = the gastrodermis</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Mesoglea - a thick proteinaceous separating layer</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> C. Specialized
cells of the tissues - a group of one type of cell--a particular
function</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Neurons (but, not nerve cells)</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. muscle cells</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 3. secretory cells</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 4. cnidoblast cells that produce by secretion the
nematocysts</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> D. Body
forms</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Polyp</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> a. column
like with ring of tentacles</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> b. central
body cavity</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> c. sometimes
with an external skeleton</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> d. sessile</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Medusa - jellyfish</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> a. bell-shaped
with ring of tentacles</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> b. central
sack-like digestive area</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> c. swims
by contracting the bell rapidly</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> E. Life
Cycle</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Medusa is sexual stage producing gametes</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Fertilization produces a zygote which develops into
a planula larva</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 3. Settles and undergoes metamorphosis into a polyp</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 4. Variations</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> a. medusa
only </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> b. polyp
or polyps only (hydroids, sea anemones and corals</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">V. </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Platyhelminthes</b></span><span style="font-size: small;">
- the flatworms</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> A. Bilateral
symmetry</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> B. Three
cell layers</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Ectoderm</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Mesoderm </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 3. Endoderm </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> C. Simple
organs - groups of one or more kinds of tissues arranged to perform a
specific function</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> D. Simple organ systems -
group of organs that perform a specific function</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Digestive</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Excretory</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> E. Reproduction</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> A. Sexual - are often Hermaphrodites</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> B. Asexual by fission</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> F. Classes</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Turbellarians are free living in fresh and salt
water and occasionally in moist terrestrial conditions</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Flukes</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> a. parasites</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> b. complex
life cycles of at least two hosts - one invertebrate and one
vertebrate (often humans)</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 3. Tapeworms</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> a. segmented</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> b. usually
are intestinal</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> c. multiple
host life cycles</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">VI. </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Nematoda</b></span><span style="font-size: small;">
- roundworms (nema = “thread”)</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> A. Body
cavity within the mesoderm around the digestive system</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Looks like a coelom</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Specifically a pseudocoelom</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> B. Digestive
system with two openings</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> C. Hydrostatic
skeleton</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> D. Parasitic
and free living</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> E. Reproduction</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Sexual only</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Cell constancy (total number of body)</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">VII. </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Rotifera</b></span><span style="font-size: small;">
- wheel animals</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> A. Jointed bodies</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> B. Pseudocoelom</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> C. complex
organ systems</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> D. Sexual
reproduction</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 1. Males and females</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Parthenogenesis</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> a. female
populations</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> b. males
only when "needed"</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">WADSWORTH - CD</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Porifera</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">5879</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">5884</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">5885 - 5892</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">5899</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Cnidaria</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">5912 - 5944</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Platyhelminthes</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">5951 - 5958</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">7039 - 7040 Flukes</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">7053 - 7065</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Nematoda</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">7027</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Rotifera</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">7068</span></div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-17659566561139670102013-12-25T03:55:00.000-08:002013-12-25T03:55:00.611-08:00INFERENCE AND DIFFERENCE ANALYSES<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Please
answer the following questions by using SPSS and the file SAV</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> You may want to begin by specifying the type of
analyses which you would utilize to answer the question(s). </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">For all
questions, attach the corresponding output from SPSS.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.35in; text-indent: -0.35in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1. Assuming a 95%
level of confidence, determine the population estimate for how much
the residents of the metropolitan area would expect to spend per
month in restaurants for meals only. </b></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
population mean is $150.05 expected spending per month at a 95% level
of confidence. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.35in; text-indent: -0.35in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2. Assuming a 99%
level of confidence, estimate how likely the population of the
metropolitan area would be to patronize a new, upscale restaurant as
described in question 4.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">At
99% level of confidence they are, neither likely nor unlikely, to
patronize a new, upscale restaurant. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.35in; text-indent: -0.35in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3. Among those
who are “very likely” to patronize The Hobbit’s Choice
Restaurant, the owner believes that they will either “very
strongly” or “somewhat” prefer each of the following: waitstaff
with tuxedos, unusual desserts, large variety of entrees, unusual
entrees, elegant décor and jazz combo music. Does the data support
these hypotheses? (Hint: You must select cases (Likely=5) before
testing the hypotheses.)</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
Data supports all of these hypotheses but one: (Very strongly prefer
=5, and Somewhat prefer =4, so a mean bt 4 and 5 would support the
hypothesis)</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Waitstaff
w/ tuxedos: 4.68 mean</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Unusual
desserts: 4.54 mean</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Large
variety of entrees: 4.51mean</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Unusual
entrees: 4.58 mean</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Elegant
décor: 4.50 mean</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Jazz
combo music: 2.60 mean; therefore, this segment is NOT supported by
the hypothesis. They reported they would “Somewhat not prefer” or
“Neither prefer nor not prefer” jazz combo music.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<ol start="4">
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Is
there a difference between radio listeners and non-listeners in
their likelihood of patronizing the new, upscale restaurant?
Viewers and non-viewer’s of local TV news? Readers and
non-readers of the newspaper? Assume a 99% confidence level for all
three tests.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Yes,
there is a difference bt radio listeners and non-listeners as well as
bt viewers and non-viewers of TV news, but the mean was the same for
readers and non-readers of the newspaper.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Radio
Listeners- 3.03mean: Neither Likely Nor Unlikley</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Non-Listeners-
2.20mean: Somewhat Unlikely</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">TV
News Viewers- 3.22mean: Neither Likely Nor Unlikley</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Non
Viewers- 1.25mean: Very Unlikley</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Readers
and Non Readers – 3.00 and 3.05mean: Neither Likely Nor Unlikley</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -0.2in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -0.2in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.35in; text-indent: -0.35in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5. Is there a
difference in metropolitan residents’ preference for simple décor
and elegant décor? For unusual desserts and unusual entrees?
Assume a 95% confidence level for both tests.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Yes,
Simple Décor has a mean of 3.58 – showing it is somewhat preferred
while Elegant Décor has a mean of 2.33 showing residents said it is
somewhat not preferred. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.35in; text-indent: -0.35in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>6. Does the
likelihood of patronizing the new upscale restaurant differ among
metropolitan residents based on their level of education, marital
status, or household income? Assume a 95% confidence level for all
three tests.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Yes,
all three demographic questions have varying means. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Level
of Education:</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Less
than highschool 1.36</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Some
highschool 1.07</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Highschool
grad 1.29</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Some
college 1.14</span></div>
<ul>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
less educated segments are all very unlikely</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Associate
degree 2.43</span></div>
<ul>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">This
level is somewhat unlikely</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Bachelor’s
degree 3.22</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Master’s
degree 3.44</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Doctorate
degree 4.44</span></div>
<ul>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The
remaining higher educated respondents are neither likely nor
unlikely and the Doctorates somewhat likely.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Marital
Status:</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Single
2.90 </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Married
3.03</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Other
3.03</span></div>
<ul>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Marital
status didn’t affect the likelihood very much, all were Neither
Likely not Unlikely</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Household
Income:</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><$15,000
1.23</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">$15,000-24,999
1.15 </span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Lower
incomes are very unlikely</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">$25,000-49,999 2.68</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">$50,000-74,999
2.74</span></div>
<ul>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mid
range are Neither Likely nor Unlikely</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">$75,000-99,999
4.00</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">$100,000-149,999
4.56</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">$150,000
+ 4.33</span></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Uppper
incomes vary bt Somewhat Likely and Very Likely</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-61340197958319620752013-12-21T03:46:00.000-08:002013-12-21T03:46:00.369-08:00Memo to the President of a local business<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Old
Oak Furniture has recently been under new management and she does not
fully understand the company’s policy yet. As the grandson of
founder of the great company I will do everything in my power to make
sure this does not happen again. At Old Oak Furniture will appreciate
your business and would like to continue to do business with your
company. Will do hope you understand the difficulties we are facing
at this time and hope you all will continue to do business with us.
I do understand the unfair treat that was given on our part and plan
to make up for that.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="" name="_GoBack"></a> We do want you to understand that it was a mistake that you were
asked to bid on a specific quantity by a set date. That dates are not
the most important part of a deal when working with supplier. That
the relationship with your company is far more important that saving
$75 dollars. We do understand that just going with the lowest bid
will hurt the company in the long run. I hope that this mistake has
not ruined our good business relationship.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Petula’s
memo to the president should explain the new way of purchasing and
dealing with buyers. She should ask the president if he wants her to
continue to enforce the company policy of taking the lowest bid from
suppliers no matter who the supplier or if forming and keeping good
supplier relationships is more important. Petula as the manager
should show the president that her new aggressive approach is working
for the company and helping with sales.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Expenditures
for purchased materials had remained constant while production and
sales had risen by 6 percent. This shows that the way Petula has
decided to conduct business is paying off. The president needs to
make it plain in the company policy for the future if he wants
supplier relationship to be important when making a purchase. He
needs to explain in detail what steps should be taken to discuss bids
with suppliers instead of just taken the lowest at the time because
that may not pay off in the long run.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Petula
should ensure the president that she has been doing this job for
years and she knows what she is doing. She should make the president
feel at ease with her decision making and assure him that she is
capable of doing her job.</span></div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-58972270495285108732013-12-13T22:20:00.000-08:002013-12-13T22:20:00.636-08:00Persuasive Speech Topic Examples Brainstorm for ClassBecome an Organ Donor <br />
<br />
Ritalin<br />
<br />
Animal testing <br />
<br />
Term limits<br />
<br />
Academic fraud <br />
<br />
College class attendance-<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hEJoulbKRFw/UljcKDcdGmI/AAAAAAAABew/Ofd-NfkSY8I/s1600/OPCW_logo.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hEJoulbKRFw/UljcKDcdGmI/AAAAAAAABew/Ofd-NfkSY8I/s1600/OPCW_logo.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Taking Cost of prescription drugs <br />
<br />
Living wills<br />
<br />
Cell phones in public <br />
<br />
Don't Be Scared of Those Sharks<br />
<br />
Don't Let Credit Cards Rule Your Life <br />
<br />
Human Cloning: Handle With Care<br />
<br />
Recycling - It's Worth the Trouble <br />
<br />
Steroids Could Ruin Your Health<br />
<br />
We Should Be Encouraging Needle Exchange Programs<br />
<br />
Working Ourselves to Death?<br />
<br />
You Can Change the World - Become an Activist<br />
<br />
Coke vs. Pepsi<br />
<br />
Eating fast-food<br />
<br />
Voting<br />
<br />
Blood donation<br />
<br />
Stem-cell research<br />
<br />
Educational costs<br />
<br />
Lowering the drinking age<br />
<br />
Immigration<br />
<br />
Smoking in public<br />
<br />
Helmet laws<br />
<br />
Seat belt laws<br />
<br />
Prayer in schools<br />
<br />
Gun control<br />
<br />Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-53220564865012975792013-12-02T02:52:00.000-08:002013-12-02T02:52:00.869-08:00Speech on Business Communications<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bkfl6gl6U2E/UhnU86GtSxI/AAAAAAAABc8/RgnE7cUTQxU/s1600/443px-Barbarossa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bkfl6gl6U2E/UhnU86GtSxI/AAAAAAAABc8/RgnE7cUTQxU/s320/443px-Barbarossa.jpg" width="236" /></a><span style="color: #353535; font-family: Helvetica, serif; line-height: 200%;">Last Wednesday,
Dave Guerin came to speak to our class. He is the executive director
of university communications. This is a new department as of May last
year to Louisiana Tech. Some things that his new department is
responsible for would include institutional marketing. Because
athletics are a peephole to how people view Louisiana Tech, they do
their best to well represent them. They pair with Learfield Sports to
try to get Louisiana Tech's brand tone the strongest it can be. He
really emphasized Howe have to be consistent when trying to build our
brand. The goals, ideas, and marketing strategies have to overall be
the same across all of our departments. Louisiana Tech did not
even have a branding program until 2003. Before this, there were all
kinds of weird Tech logos out there. The branding program helped
consolidate those and eliminate them from the marketplace. He
continuously stressed how much the strength of our brand depends
solely on consistency. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #353535; font-family: Helvetica, serif; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #353535; font-family: Helvetica, serif; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #353535; font-family: Helvetica, serif; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #353535; font-family: Helvetica, serif; line-height: 200%;">Dave's department also is responsible for all
of the athletic or academic press releases. They must be timely where
some viewers want to know the news immediately. He mentioned that
their ingest challenge is that anyone can post bad news which spreads
quickly and is not always accurate. More of this department’s
responsibilities include press releases, experts database, being the
primary point of contact for media for the university, printed media,
and branding and imaging. Some things this school has trade marked
are 'La Tech', 'Louisiana Tech', the logo, a photograph, a recognized
image of the campus, and the bulldog. We cannot have 'dawgs' trade
marked because this is already co-owned by Georgia and Washington.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-70767385467698814982013-11-29T03:52:00.000-08:002013-11-29T03:52:00.429-08:00ENGLISH 101-013 Debate<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;">During the third
presidential debate at Lynn University, Boca Baton, Florida Monday
Oct 22</span><sup style="line-height: 200%;">nd</sup><span style="line-height: 200%;"> 2012, President Obama accused GOP presidential
nominee Gov. Mitt Romney of wanting to take America back to the
economic policies that preceded the great depression. In their debate
on Monday, Obama asserted that his rival’s plans will only revive
the ‘‘economic policies of the 1920s’’. The comment
typically implies that Mitt Romney plan seems like a replica of that
of President Bush.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>
The theme of the leaders in 1920 was low taxes and light regulation
and this is exactly what the Presidents rival is driving towards.
Obamas implication that things did not work out so well then appealed
to the audience, with the Wall Street crash and the great depression
starting at the end of the decade under another republican, Herbert
Hoover. We might not want to select someone who is following the same
path.</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
In conjunction with
this, another outstanding moment during this debate was the commander
in chief’s horses and bayonets line. President Obama said ‘’
let me mention the navy for example we have fewer ships than in 1916,
well governor, we also have fewer horses and bayonets because the
nature of our military has changed. We have these things called
aircraft carriers where planes land on them, ships that go under
water, nuclear submarines…’’ Obama appealed to the audience by
trying to portray the governor as someone who has policies and
principles that will bring the country backward.</div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-11163071410923346812013-11-28T03:00:00.000-08:002013-11-28T03:00:07.702-08:00Example Greek Pledge Application<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Fraternity or Sorority (Greek Life)</span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Prospective
Pledge Application</span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Winter
2014 Recruitment</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Name:
______________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Major:
______________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Classification:
_________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Current
GPA: ______________________________________________________</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Graduating
Year and Quarter: _____________________________________________</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Do
You Currently Hold a Job? If so, where:
__________________________________</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Are
you involved in any other extra-curricular activities? If so, please
list them as well as any leadership positions held previously and/or
presently.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">_______________________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">_______________________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">What
do you think you could contribute to our Fraternity or Sorority?</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">_______________________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">________________________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">________________________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">I
_____________________________, herby confirm that all of the above
information is accurate and the Delta Sigma Pi, Professional
Fraternity may use this information as a standard for measuring my
eligibility for the consideration of my induction into Delta Sigma
Pi.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Signature/Date
____________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-89156073325686322282013-11-21T00:30:00.000-08:002013-11-21T00:30:05.858-08:00CIS SQL Project and Research for Article Business<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><b>Class topic covered or search
term/keyword:</b></u> Advertisements</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><b>Article Title:</b></u> Public
Service Advertisements: Emotions and Empathy Guide Prosocial Behavior</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><b>Authors:</b></u> Richard Bagozzi
and David Moore</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><b>Publication</b></u>: Journal of
Marketing</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><b>Edition:</b></u> Vol. 58, No. 1
(Jan., 1994), pp. 56-70</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><b>Publisher:</b></u> American
Marketing Association</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><b>Problem:</b></u> Public Service
Advertisements play on our emotions.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><u><b>Synopsis:</b></u>
There are two different types of Public Service Advertisements. One
type is aimed at individuals who need help, and the other is aimed at
getting the public to help those that might be in need. When Public
Service Advertisements are played, they generally do seem to have
that frame of reference to them. An ad might have a man that had
smoked cigarettes his whole life in a wheelchair because his health
has diminished since he got sick from something caused by the
cigarettes.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><b>Conclusion:</b></u>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><b>Compelling Quote from the
Article:</b></u>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nqQ5NeyiNW0/UljgWVRYnsI/AAAAAAAABfI/k8roE4Q2RBw/s1600/479px-MalcolmScottCarpenter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nqQ5NeyiNW0/UljgWVRYnsI/AAAAAAAABfI/k8roE4Q2RBw/s320/479px-MalcolmScottCarpenter.jpg" width="255" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Table 1.1</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Create Table Employee01 (SSNnumber
char(9) Not Null primary key, FirstName Varchar(15) not null, MidName
Char, LastName Varchar(15) Not Null, Birthday date, Address
varchar(50), Sex Char, Salary decimal(10,2) Default '800',
SupervisorSSN Char(9), DepNum Int);</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
TABLE 1 ALTER</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>Alter Table
Empolyee01 add Constraint SupervisorSSN Foreign Key (SupervisorSSN)
References Empolyee01 (SSNnumber) ON DELETE SET NULL;</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Table 1 Alter 1.1</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
alter table Employee01 add constraint
SSNnumber Foreign key (SupervisorSSN) References Employee01
(SSNnumber) on delete set null;</div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-8166236113282238792013-11-14T22:27:00.000-08:002013-11-14T22:27:00.135-08:00PEER EVALUATION for Management 400 Group Project and Parent Form<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Write your evaluation of your group members’ collaboration and
contribution to your group project. Your evaluation will be
confidential. Please rate each of your members on the scale from 1
(the worst) and 10 (the best).</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>Please type “Peer
Evaluation – MGMT 400” in the subject of your email</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Your evaluation should include the
following information</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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</div>
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Your name: …..</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Your group: (name of your group
project)</div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Name of member 1: Your evaluation of
this member (for example, 7/10)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Name of member 2: Your evaluation of
this member (for example, 7/10)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Name of member 3: Your evaluation of
this member (for example, 7/10)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
………….</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Your comments :</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
PARENT PERMISSION FORM</h2>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Dear Parent,</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
As a school component to the Education
Reading Diagnostic course at this University, one of my
students, ______________________________, has been assigned to your
child’s classroom. He/She would like to work with your child to
identify his/her reading strengths and areas for improvement.
Additionally, the teacher candidate will be able to offer one-to-one
tutoring opportunities for your child during the school day.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-N8kmSKzKhos/UljdmHLNfBI/AAAAAAAABe8/BF6Xeha3Zjk/s1600/800px-NewsteadLoddonRiver.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-N8kmSKzKhos/UljdmHLNfBI/AAAAAAAABe8/BF6Xeha3Zjk/s320/800px-NewsteadLoddonRiver.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
We hope that you will support this
opportunity to assist your child and help our teacher candidates gain
experience working with students. Thank you for allowing our teacher
candidates the opportunity to make a difference in your child’s
life. Should you have any questions, please free to contact me.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Sincerely,</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Department of Curriculum, Instruction, and Leadership</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
College of Education</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
*Please return to your child’s
teacher by </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
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here------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
As the parent or legal guardian of
____________________________, I grant permission for my child to be
tutored by an University teacher candidate during the
next few months. I understand that the teacher candidate will be
conducting reading interest inventories and diagnostic testing to
assist in identifying reading strengths and areas for improvement as
well as a list of recommended reading materials and that this
information will be shared with me and my child’s teacher.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Parent/Guardian signature and then Date</div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-39509154999492729892013-11-14T09:26:00.000-08:002013-11-14T09:26:00.188-08:00Helpful Articles for Studying Business<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The following articles are examples of the type of work which professors ask students to do for extra credit. This is a great way to ensure that at the end of the semester/ quarter/ or term, that the final grade is what is expected. Many times extra credit involves additional readings or general writing assignments which will be added to the overall classroom points. Teachers and professors appreciate students who complete extra credit assignments because it shows dedication and a level of serious in the students' academic studies.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1/2/13
C3</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Banks
Near Foreclosure Deal</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1/5/13
C1</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Big
Banks Readying Payout Plans </span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Citigroup,
for One, Will Seek Fed's OK for a 'Minimal' Share Buyback; Part of
Year's 'Stress Tests'</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1/7/13
C1</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Rules
for Lenders Relaxed </span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Regulators
Agree to Ease Requirements for Meeting Guideline on Liquidity</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1/10/13
C1</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mortgage
Deals Came Just in Time</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1/15/13
C1</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">J.P.
Morgan Ordered to Fix Lapses</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1/18/13
C1</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Regionals
Outplay Big Banks </span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Latest
Earnings Reports Illustrate Benefits of Simpler Businesses, Sharper
Focus</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1/24/13
C3</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Banks
Fight Fannie Over Insurance </span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mortgage
Firm Wants to Cut Cost of Policies Forced on Homeowners, Lowering
Lenders' Fee Income</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1/25/13</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Citi
Adds to Drain of Funds at SAC </span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multiple
Relationships With Hedge-Fund Firm Are at Stake in Company's Decision
to Redeem $187 Million</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1/28/13
C1</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Citi
Crafts Comic Push for Survey's Top Ranking</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1/30/13
C3</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Banks
Worry CFPB May Be Weakened</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2/5/13
C3</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Risks
Under Review at U.K. Banks</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5phzfutDXHk/Ug0BFEmKdvI/AAAAAAAABbQ/EL9SONryh4A/s1600/extracredit.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5phzfutDXHk/Ug0BFEmKdvI/AAAAAAAABbQ/EL9SONryh4A/s400/extracredit.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2/6/13
C3</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NYSE
Takes Steps To Refill Showroom</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2/13/13
C3</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Fed
Bank Chiefs Back Money-Fund Overhaul</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2/11/13
C1</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Is
Bull Sprint Becoming a Marathon? </span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Recent
Rally Has Sparked Debate Over Whether a 13-Year Stretch of Lackluster
Returns Is Over</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2/20/13
C3</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">BofA
Rewards CEO for Revival in 2012</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2/21/13
C3</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Investors
Seek to Split J.P. Morgan Top Posts </span></span>
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Nonbinding
Proposal From Union, Pension Funds Aims to Separate Chairman and
Chief Executive Roles Held by Dimon</span></span></div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-32442403750184286262013-11-08T02:47:00.000-08:002013-11-08T02:47:00.385-08:002 Special Marketing Events<h3>
The 1st Event</h3>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> My
marketing event deals with a car dealership that I was at in Texas a
while back. I was helping my cousin find a car with no luck. One of
the car salesman finally walked up and began telling us about all the
cars. We got to a car that my cousin was particularly fond of, but
she did not like the price. The salesman performed a trick that he
had planned before we even got there. The car was originally 16,999,
but before we got there he flipped the 6 to look like a 9, so it read
19,999. When she was deciding on whether she wanted to pay the price,
the salesman flipped over the 9 back to a 6. The deal supposedly
looked really good, but he didn’t change the price at all. She
ended purchasing the car due to the magic trick that the salesman
pulled.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The 2nd Marketing
Event</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> My
marketing event entails a concert that will be going on tomorrow
night, Friday, September 28, 2012. I was listening to 104.1, a
popular country radio station around here, one morning and they were
talking about Chris Young, a famous country singer, was going to be
playing at Rabb’s Steakhouse on Friday. I actually had forgotten
about it the first time that I heard about it, but almost every local
country radio station was discussing this concert. So after Chris
Young’s band manager’s marketing strategy of letting everyone in
the local area know about the concert, I will be attending the event
and it will probably be sold out.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div>
Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5218489505815320875.post-25147080177281280012013-11-05T23:38:00.000-08:002013-11-05T23:38:00.751-08:00nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio data for Psychology UndergraduatesDefine <b>nominal </b>data and provide an <b>example</b>. A nominal data set is also known as a categorical data set. There is no indication of value within a nominal data set.<br />
<br />
Define <b>ordinal </b>data and provide an <b>example</b>. With ordinal data you cannot state with certainty whether the intervals between each value are equal. An example would be a rating scale based on 1-10.<br />
<br />
Define <b>interval </b>data and provide an <b>example</b>.The difference between intervals in equal. Do you agree strongly, somewhat, neutral, not at all.<br />
<br />
Define <b>ratio </b>data and provide an <b>example</b>. A ratio variable, has all the properties of an interval variable, and also has a clear definition of 0.0<br />
<br />
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</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mYR8XDRiWMA/Ug3Injop-MI/AAAAAAAABbw/fJADp9XeIw8/s1600/Olinguito_ZooKeys_324,_solo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mYR8XDRiWMA/Ug3Injop-MI/AAAAAAAABbw/fJADp9XeIw8/s320/Olinguito_ZooKeys_324,_solo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
What is the difference between <b>reliability </b>and <b>validity</b>? Reliability is consistency of the data and validity is the data's accuracy.Roxi Poolehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11280514500337250627noreply@blogger.com1